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Aphrodisiac

This article is about the detailed description of the term. For other uses, see Aphrodisiac (disambiguation). For Brandy's song, see Afrodisiac (song).

An aphrodisiac is a substance alleged to increase libido, sexual desire, sexual attraction, sexual pleasure, or sexual behavior.[1][2][3] These substances range from a variety of plants, spices, and foods to synthetic chemicals.[1][4] Natural aphrodisiacs, such as cannabis or cocaine, are classified into plant-based and non-plant-based substances.[4][5] Synthetic aphrodisiacs include MDMA and methamphetamine. Aphrodisiacs can be classified by their type of effects (psychological or physiological).[1] Aphrodisiacs that contain hallucinogenic properties, such as bufotenin, have psychological effects that can increase sexual desire and sexual pleasure.[1][3] Aphrodisiacs that have smooth muscle relaxing properties, such as yohimbine, have physiological effects that can affect hormone concentrations and increase blood flow.[1][4]

Aphrodisiac effects may be due to the placebo effect.[2] Substances that inhibit effects that aphrodisiacs aim to enhance are called anaphrodisiacs,[2] which have the opposite effects on libido.

Both males and females can potentially benefit from the use of aphrodisiacs, but they are more focused on males, as their properties tend to increase testosterone concentrations rather than estrogen concentrations.[3] This is in part due to the historical context of aphrodisiacs, which focused solely on males. Only recently has attention been paid to understanding how aphrodisiacs can aid female sexual function.[5] In addition, cultural influences on appropriate sexual behavior of males and females also play a part in the research gap.[5]

  1. ^ a b c d e Melnyk, John P.; Marcone, Massimo F. (May 2011). "Aphrodisiacs from plant and animal sources—A review of current scientific literature". Food Research International. 44 (4): 840–850. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2011.02.043.
  2. ^ a b c Lehmiller, Justin J. (12 October 2017). The psychology of human sexuality (Second ed.). Hoboken, NJ. ISBN 9781119164708. OCLC 992580729.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ^ a b c Sandroni, Paola (October 2001). "Aphrodisiacs past and present: A historical review". Clinical Autonomic Research. 11 (5): 303–307. doi:10.1007/bf02332975. ISSN 0959-9851. PMID 11758796. S2CID 32348540.
  4. ^ a b c Bella, Anthony J; Shamloul, Rany (June 2014). "Traditional Plant Aphrodisiacs and Male Sexual Dysfunction: PLANT APHRODISIACS". Phytotherapy Research. 28 (6): 831–835. doi:10.1002/ptr.5074. PMID 25032254. S2CID 29716079.
  5. ^ a b c Shamloul, Rany (January 2010). "Natural Aphrodisiacs". The Journal of Sexual Medicine. 7 (1): 39–49. doi:10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01521.x. PMID 19796015.

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