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Askold and Dir (Haskuldr or Hǫskuldr and Dyr or Djur in Old Norse; died in 882), mentioned in both the Primary Chronicle,[1] the Novgorod First Chronicle,[2] and the Nikon Chronicle,[3] were the earliest known rulers of Kiev.[4][better source needed]
- ^ Nestor; Cross, Samuel H; Sherbowitz-Wetzor, Olgerd P (1953). The Russian Primary chronicle, Laurentian Text (PDF). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Medieval Academy of America. pp. 60–61. Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2013. Retrieved 11 March 2022.
- ^ Ostrowski 2018, p. 39–40.
- ^ Zenkovsky, Serge A.; Zenkovsky, Betty Jean (1984). The Nikonian Chronicle: From the beginning to the year 1132. Kingston Press. pp. 16–29. ISBN 978-0-940670-00-6.
- ^ Zakharii, Roman (2002). The historiography of Normanist and anti-Normanist theories on the origins of Rus' : a review of modern historiography and major sources on Varangian controversy and other Scandinavian concepts of the origins of Rus' (Master thesis). University of Oslo. hdl:10852/26680.
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