Axodine

Axodines
	An actinophryid
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Clade:	Diaphoretickes
Clade:	SAR
Clade:	Stramenopiles
Phylum:	Gyrista
Subphylum:	Ochrophytina
Class:	Dictyochophyceae
Subclass:	Pedinellia; Cavalier-Smith 1986 stat. nov. 2017
Genera
	Dictyochales/Silicoflagellates Dictyocha; ; Rhizochromulinales Rhizochromulina; ; Actinodines; Pedinellales Pedinella; Apedinella; Pseudopedinella; Mesopedinella; Parapedinella; Actinomonas; Pteridomonas; Ciliophrys; ; Actinophryida; Actinophrys; Actinosphaerium; Florenciellales Pseudochattonella; ;
Synonyms
	Actinochrysea Cavalier-Smith 1995; Axodines Patterson, 1994;

The axodines are a group of unicellular stramenopiles that includes silicoflagellate and rhizochromulinid algae, actinomonad heterotrophic flagellates and actinophryid heliozoa. Alternative classifications treat the dictyochophytes as heterokont algae, or as Chrysophyceae.^[4] Other overlapping taxonomic concepts include the Actinochrysophyceae, Actinochrysea or Dictyochophyceae sensu lato. The grouping was proposed on the basis of ultrastructural similarities, and is consistent with subsequent molecular comparisons.^[5]

The Axodine grouping was unusual in breaking with the traditions of botanical and protozoological taxonomy to include the actinophryid heliozoa as part of the lineage that also contained the pedinellid algae along with colorless relatives such as Actinomonas, Pteridomonas, and Ciliophrys; the axodines further included the silicoflagellates, and Rhizochromulinales.^[3] This followed a growing consensus that the actinophryid heliozoa were not related to other types of heliozoa.^[6]^[7]^[8]

^ Cite error: The named reference 8phyla was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cavalier-Smith, T.; Chao, E.E.; Allsopp, M.T.E.P. (1995). "Ribosomal RNA evidence for chloroplast loss within Heterokonta: pedinellid relationships and a revised classification of ochristan algae". Arch. Protistenkd. 145 (3–4): 209–220. doi:10.1016/S0003-9365(11)80316-7.
^ ^a ^b Cite error: The named reference TaxoHeliozoa3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Sandgren, C.D.; Smol, J.P.; Kristiansen, J. (1995). Chrysophyte Algae: Ecology, Phylogeny and Development. Cambridge University Press. p. 49. ISBN 9780521462600. Retrieved 2014-12-12.
^ Nikolaev, S.I., Berney, C., Fahrni, J., Bolivar, I.,Polet, S., Mylnikov, A.P., Aleshin, V.V., Petrov, N. B., Pawlowski, J. 2004. The twilight of Heliozoa and rise of Rhizaria, an emerging supergroup of amoeboid eukaryotes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101 (21) 8066-8071; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0308602101
^ Patterson, D. J. and Fenchel, T. 1985. Insights into the evolution of heliozoa (Protozoa, Sarcodina) as provided by ultrastructural studies on a new species of flagellate from the genus Pteridomonas. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 34: 381-403
^ Patterson, D. J. 1986. The actinophryid heliozoa (Sarcodina, Actinopoda) as chromophytes. pp. 49 - 67 in Kristiansen, J. & Anderson, R. A. Chrysophytes: aspects and problems, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge & New York.
^ Smith, R. McK. & Patterson, D. J. 1986. Analyses of heliozoan inter-relationships: an example of the potentials and limitations of the ultrastructural approaches to the study of protistan phylogeny. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 227:325 - 366.

[8phyla-1] Cite error: The named reference 8phyla was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[2] Cavalier-Smith, T.; Chao, E.E.; Allsopp, M.T.E.P. (1995). "Ribosomal RNA evidence for chloroplast loss within Heterokonta: pedinellid relationships and a revised classification of ochristan algae". Arch. Protistenkd. 145 (3–4): 209–220. doi:10.1016/S0003-9365(11)80316-7.

[TaxoHeliozoa3-3] Cite error: The named reference TaxoHeliozoa3 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[google-4] Sandgren, C.D.; Smol, J.P.; Kristiansen, J. (1995). Chrysophyte Algae: Ecology, Phylogeny and Development. Cambridge University Press. p. 49. ISBN 9780521462600. Retrieved 2014-12-12.

[5] Nikolaev, S.I., Berney, C., Fahrni, J., Bolivar, I.,Polet, S., Mylnikov, A.P., Aleshin, V.V., Petrov, N. B., Pawlowski, J. 2004. The twilight of Heliozoa and rise of Rhizaria, an emerging supergroup of amoeboid eukaryotes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101 (21) 8066-8071; DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0308602101

[6] Patterson, D. J. and Fenchel, T. 1985. Insights into the evolution of heliozoa (Protozoa, Sarcodina) as provided by ultrastructural studies on a new species of flagellate from the genus Pteridomonas. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 34: 381-403

[7] Patterson, D. J. 1986. The actinophryid heliozoa (Sarcodina, Actinopoda) as chromophytes. pp. 49 - 67 in Kristiansen, J. & Anderson, R. A. Chrysophytes: aspects and problems, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge & New York.

[8] Smith, R. McK. & Patterson, D. J. 1986. Analyses of heliozoan inter-relationships: an example of the potentials and limitations of the ultrastructural approaches to the study of protistan phylogeny. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. 227:325 - 366.

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