Babak Khorramdin

Babak Khorramdin
Babak Khorramdin
Persian: بابک خرمدین
	Statue of Babak Khorramdin in Babek city, Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic of Azerbaijan Republic
Born	795 or 798; Ardabil, Abbasid Caliphate ; (present-day Iran)
Died	probably 7 January 838 (age 40 or 43); Samarra, Abbasid Caliphate ; (present-day Iraq)
Years active	23 years
Known for	Leader of the Khorram-Dinān
Opponent	Abbasid Caliphate
Spouse	Banu

Bābak Khorramdin (Persian: بابک خرمدین, Bābak-e Khorramdin, from Middle Persian: 𐭯𐭠𐭯𐭪𐭩, Pāpak/Pābag; 795 or 798 – January 838) was one of the main Iranian^[3]^[4] revolutionary leaders of the Iranian^[5] Khorram-Dinān ("Those of the joyous religion"), which was a local freedom movement fighting the Abbasid Caliphate. Khorramdin appears to be a compound analogous to dorustdin "orthodoxy" and Behdin "Good Religion" (Zoroastrianism),^[1] and are considered an offshoot of neo-Mazdakism.^[6] Babak's Iranianizing^[7] rebellion, from its base in Azerbaijan in northwestern Iran,^[8] called for a return of the political glories of the Iranian^[9] past. The Khorramdin rebellion of Babak spread to the Western and Central parts of Iran and lasted more than twenty years before it was defeated when Babak was betrayed. Babak's uprising showed the continuing strength in Azerbaijan of ancestral Iranian local feelings.^[3]

^ ^a ^b Yusofi 2011, pp. 299–306.
^ Mark, Joshua J (31 January 2020). "Twelve Great Women of Ancient Persia". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 23 February 2021.
^ ^a ^b Bosworth 1987, pp. 224–231.
^ Bahramian, Hirtenstein & Gholami 2013.
^ Bernard Lewis (1991), "The Political Language of Islam", University of Chicago Press, pp 314. "The last and most nearly successful of the Iranian movements, however was that of Babak, who established his independence in Adharbayjan early in al-Mamun's reign."
^ C. E. Bosworth, Afshin; accessed March 15, 2007 [1].
^ Bernard Lewis (1991), "The Political Language of Islam", University of Chicago Press, pp 482):""Babak's Iranianizing rebellion in Azerbaijan gave occasion for sentiments at the capital to harden against men who were sympathetic to the more explicitly Iranian tradition"
^ F. Daftary (1999) Sectarian and National Movements in Iran, Khurasan and Transoxania During Umayyad and Early 'Abbasid Times In History of Civilizations of Central Asia, vol. IV, part One, ed. M. S. Asimov and C. E. Bosworth. Paris: UNESCO Publishing, pp. 41–60 [50]: "The activities of the Khurammiya reached their peak in the movement of Babak al-Khurrami, whose protracted rebellion based in north-western Iran seriously threatened the stability of the Abbassid caliphate.... This revolt lasting for more than twenty years, soon spread from Azerbaijan (North/West Iran) to western and central parts of Iran.
^ Kathryn Babayan, "Mystics, monarchs, and messiahs ", Harvard CMES, 2002. p. 138: "Babak revolted in Azerbaijan (816–838), evoking Abu Muslim as a heroic symbol..and called for a return to the Iranian past"

[FOOTNOTEYusofi2011299–306-1] Yusofi 2011, pp. 299–306.

[AncientEU-2] Mark, Joshua J (31 January 2020). "Twelve Great Women of Ancient Persia". World History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 23 February 2021.

[FOOTNOTEBosworth1987224–231-3] Bosworth 1987, pp. 224–231.

[FOOTNOTEBahramianHirtensteinGholami2013-4] Bahramian, Hirtenstein & Gholami 2013.

[5] Bernard Lewis (1991), "The Political Language of Islam", University of Chicago Press, pp 314. "The last and most nearly successful of the Iranian movements, however was that of Babak, who established his independence in Adharbayjan early in al-Mamun's reign."

[6] C. E. Bosworth, Afshin; accessed March 15, 2007 [1].

[7] Bernard Lewis (1991), "The Political Language of Islam", University of Chicago Press, pp 482):""Babak's Iranianizing rebellion in Azerbaijan gave occasion for sentiments at the capital to harden against men who were sympathetic to the more explicitly Iranian tradition"

[8] F. Daftary (1999) Sectarian and National Movements in Iran, Khurasan and Transoxania During Umayyad and Early 'Abbasid Times In History of Civilizations of Central Asia, vol. IV, part One, ed. M. S. Asimov and C. E. Bosworth. Paris: UNESCO Publishing, pp. 41–60 [50]: "The activities of the Khurammiya reached their peak in the movement of Babak al-Khurrami, whose protracted rebellion based in north-western Iran seriously threatened the stability of the Abbassid caliphate.... This revolt lasting for more than twenty years, soon spread from Azerbaijan (North/West Iran) to western and central parts of Iran.

[9] Kathryn Babayan, "Mystics, monarchs, and messiahs ", Harvard CMES, 2002. p. 138: "Babak revolted in Azerbaijan (816–838), evoking Abu Muslim as a heroic symbol..and called for a return to the Iranian past"

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