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Bacillus

This article is about the bacterium. For a hypernymic category, see bacillus (shape). For the stick-insect genus, see Bacillus (insect).

Bacillus
Bacillus subtilis, stained
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Bacteria
Phylum: Bacillota
Class: Bacilli
Order: Bacillales
Family: Bacillaceae
Genus: Bacillus
Cohn
Species

See text

Bacillus (Latin "stick") is a genus of Gram-positive, rod-shaped bacteria, a member of the phylum Bacillota, with 266 named species. The term is also used to describe the shape (rod) of other so-shaped bacteria; and the plural Bacilli is the name of the class of bacteria to which this genus belongs. Bacillus species can be either obligate aerobes which are dependent on oxygen, or facultative anaerobes which can survive in the absence of oxygen. Cultured Bacillus species test positive for the enzyme catalase if oxygen has been used or is present.[1]

Bacillus can reduce themselves to oval endospores and can remain in this dormant state for years. The endospore of one species from Morocco is reported to have survived being heated to 420 °C.[2] Endospore formation is usually triggered by a lack of nutrients: the bacterium divides within its cell wall, and one side then engulfs the other. They are not true spores (i.e., not an offspring).[3] Endospore formation originally defined the genus, but not all such species are closely related, and many species have been moved to other genera of the Bacillota.[4] Only one endospore is formed per cell. The spores are resistant to heat, cold, radiation, desiccation, and disinfectants. Bacillus anthracis needs oxygen to sporulate; this constraint has important consequences for epidemiology and control.[5] In vivo, B. anthracis produces a polypeptide (polyglutamic acid) capsule that kills it from phagocytosis.[5] The genera Bacillus and Clostridium constitute the family Bacillaceae. Species are identified by using morphologic and biochemical criteria.[1] Because the spores of many Bacillus species are resistant to heat, radiation, disinfectants, and desiccation, they are difficult to eliminate from medical and pharmaceutical materials and are a frequent cause of contamination. Not only are they resistant to heat, radiation, etc., but they are also resistant to chemicals such as antibiotics.[6] This resistance allows them to survive for many years and especially in a controlled environment.[6] Bacillus species are well known in the food industries as troublesome spoilage organisms.[1]

Ubiquitous in nature, Bacillus includes symbiotic (sometimes referred to as endophytes) as well as independent species. Two species are medically significant: B. anthracis causes anthrax;[7] and B. cereus causes food poisoning.[8]

Many species of Bacillus can produce copious amounts of enzymes, which are used in various industries, such as in the production of alpha amylase used in starch hydrolysis and the protease subtilisin used in detergents. B. subtilis is a valuable model for bacterial research. Some Bacillus species can synthesize and secrete lipopeptides, in particular surfactins and mycosubtilins.[9][10][11] Bacillus species are also found in marine sponges.[11] Marine sponge associated Bacillus subtilis (strains WS1A and YBS29) can synthesize several antimicrobial peptides.[11][12] These Bacillus subtilis strains can develop disease resistance in Labeo rohita.[11]

  1. ^ a b c Turnbull PC (1996). "Bacillus". In Baron S, et al. (eds.). Barron's Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2. PMID 21413260.
  2. ^ Beladjal L, Gheysens T, Clegg JS, Amar M, Mertens J (September 2018). "Life from the ashes: survival of dry bacterial spores after very high temperature exposure". Extremophiles: Life Under Extreme Conditions. 22 (5): 751–759. doi:10.1007/s00792-018-1035-6. PMID 29869718. S2CID 46935396.
  3. ^ "Bacterial Endospores". Cornell University College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Microbiology. Retrieved 21 October 2018.
  4. ^ Madigan M, Martinko J, eds. (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-13-144329-7.
  5. ^ a b Turnbull PC (1996). "Bacillus". In Baron S (ed.). Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. ISBN 978-0-9631172-1-2. PMID 21413260. Retrieved 2024-03-18.
  6. ^ a b Christie G, Setlow P (October 2020). "Bacillus spore germination: Knowns, unknowns and what we need to learn". Cellular Signalling. 74: 109729. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109729. PMID 32721540.
  7. ^ Spencer RC (March 2003). "Bacillus anthracis". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 56 (3): 182–187. doi:10.1136/jcp.56.3.182. PMC 1769905. PMID 12610093.
  8. ^ Schoeni JL, Wong AC (March 2005). "Bacillus cereus food poisoning and its toxins". Journal of Food Protection. 68 (3): 636–648. doi:10.4315/0362-028X-68.3.636. PMID 15771198.
  9. ^ Nigris S, Baldan E, Tondello A, Zanella F, Vitulo N, Favaro G, et al. (October 2018). "Biocontrol traits of Bacillus licheniformis GL174, a culturable endophyte of Vitis vinifera cv. Glera". BMC Microbiology. 18 (1): 133. doi:10.1186/s12866-018-1306-5. PMC 6192205. PMID 30326838.
  10. ^ Favaro G, Bogialli S, Di Gangi IM, Nigris S, Baldan E, Squartini A, et al. (October 2016). "Characterization of lipopeptides produced by Bacillus licheniformis using liquid chromatography with accurate tandem mass spectrometry". Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry. 30 (20): 2237–2252. Bibcode:2016RCMS...30.2237F. doi:10.1002/rcm.7705. PMID 27487987.
  11. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference Paul_2021 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  12. ^ Rahman MM, Paul SI, Akter T, Tay AC, Foysal MJ, Islam MT (September 2020). "Whole-Genome Sequence of Bacillus subtilis WS1A, a Promising Fish Probiotic Strain Isolated from Marine Sponge of the Bay of Bengal". Microbiology Resource Announcements. 9 (39): e00641–20. doi:10.1128/MRA.00641-20. PMC 7516141. PMID 32972930.

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