Baryon

In particle physics, a baryon is a type of composite subatomic particle, including the proton and the neutron, that contains an odd number of valence quarks, conventionally three.^[1] Baryons belong to the hadron family of particles; hadrons are composed of quarks. Baryons are also classified as fermions because they have half-integer spin.

The name "baryon", introduced by Abraham Pais,^[2] comes from the Greek word for "heavy" (βαρύς, barýs), because, at the time of their naming, most known elementary particles had lower masses than the baryons. Each baryon has a corresponding antiparticle (antibaryon) where their corresponding antiquarks replace quarks. For example, a proton is made of two up quarks and one down quark; and its corresponding antiparticle, the antiproton, is made of two up antiquarks and one down antiquark.

Baryons participate in the residual strong force, which is mediated by particles known as mesons. The most familiar baryons are protons and neutrons, both of which contain three quarks, and for this reason they are sometimes called triquarks. These particles make up most of the mass of the visible matter in the universe and compose the nucleus of every atom (electrons, the other major component of the atom, are members of a different family of particles called leptons; leptons do not interact via the strong force). Exotic baryons containing five quarks, called pentaquarks, have also been discovered and studied.

A census of the Universe's baryons indicates that 10% of them could be found inside galaxies, 50 to 60% in the circumgalactic medium,^[3] and the remaining 30 to 40% could be located in the warm–hot intergalactic medium (WHIM).^[4]

^ Gell-Mann, M. (1964). "A schematic model of baryons and mesons". Physics Letters. 8 (3): 214–215. Bibcode:1964PhL.....8..214G. doi:10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3.
^ Nakano, Tadao; Nishijima, Kazuhiko (November 1953). "Charge Independence for V-particles". Progress of Theoretical Physics. 10 (5): 581–582. Bibcode:1953PThPh..10..581N. doi:10.1143/PTP.10.581. The 'baryon' is the collective name for the members of the nucleon family. This name is due to Pais. See ref. (6).
^ J. Michael Shull; et al. (2012). "The Baryon Census in a Multiphase Intergalactic Medium: 30% of the Baryons May Still be Missing". Vol. 759, no. 1. The Astrophysical Journal. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/759/1/23.
^ J.-P. Macquart; et al. (2020). "A census of baryons in the Universe from localized fast radio bursts". Vol. 581. Nature. pp. 391–395. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2300-2.

[Gell-Mann_1964-1] Gell-Mann, M. (1964). "A schematic model of baryons and mesons". Physics Letters. 8 (3): 214–215. Bibcode:1964PhL.....8..214G. doi:10.1016/S0031-9163(64)92001-3.

[2] Nakano, Tadao; Nishijima, Kazuhiko (November 1953). "Charge Independence for V-particles". Progress of Theoretical Physics. 10 (5): 581–582. Bibcode:1953PThPh..10..581N. doi:10.1143/PTP.10.581. The 'baryon' is the collective name for the members of the nucleon family. This name is due to Pais. See ref. (6).

[3] J. Michael Shull; et al. (2012). "The Baryon Census in a Multiphase Intergalactic Medium: 30% of the Baryons May Still be Missing". Vol. 759, no. 1. The Astrophysical Journal. doi:10.1088/0004-637X/759/1/23.

[4] J.-P. Macquart; et al. (2020). "A census of baryons in the Universe from localized fast radio bursts". Vol. 581. Nature. pp. 391–395. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2300-2.

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