Battle of Chawinda

Battle of Chawinda
	Part of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1965
	; Sculpture showing the Indo-Pakistani War 45km; 30miles Degh Samba Jammu Akhnur Chawinda Gujranwala Wazirabad Sialkot Ravi river MRL MRL Marala Headworks Chawinda and surroundings
Date	14 September 1965,; 18–19 September 1965; (1 day)
Location	Chawinda, Punjab, Pakistan32°23′03″N 74°43′30″E / 32.38417°N 74.72500°E
Result	Inconclusive
Belligerents
Pakistan	India
Commanders and leaders
Bakhtiar Rana; Abrar Hussain; Sardar M. Ismail; Amjad Chaudhry; S. M. Hussain; Abdul Ali Malik; Muzzafaruddin; Nisar Ahmed Khan;	Harbakhsh Singh; Patrick Dunn; Rajinder Singh; S.K. Korla; M. L. Thapan; Ardeshir Tarapore †;
Units involved
Pakistan's I Corps; Cavalry units: 10th Cavalry (44x M48 Pattons); 11th Cavalry (44x M48 Pattons); 22nd Cavalry (44x M48 Pattons); 25th Cavalry (44x M48 Pattons); 33rd TDU Sqdn. (15x Shermans); 19th Lancers (44x M48 Pattons);	India's I Corps; Cavalry units: 4th Horse (45x Centurions); 17th Poona (45x Centurions); 16th Cavalry (45x Centurions); 2nd Lancers (45x Shermans); 62nd Cavalry (45x Shermans);
Strength
30,000–50,000 infantry; 132 tanks (plus reinforcements);	80,000–150,000 infantry; 260 tanks;
Casualties and losses
Tank losses: Neutral claims: 60; Indian claims: 155; (144 put out, 11 captured); Pakistani claims: 44; ;	Tank losses: Neutral claims: 100; Indian claims: 70; (29 destroyed, 41 damaged); Pakistani claims: 120; ;
	Chawinda class=notpageimage\| Location of Chawinda in Pakistani Punjab Chawinda class=notpageimage\| Location of Chawinda in Pakistan

The Battle of Chawinda was a major engagement between Pakistan and India in the Second Kashmir War^[b] as part of the Sialkot campaign. It is well known as being one of the largest tank battles in history since the Battle of Kursk, which was fought between the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany in World War II.^[14]

The initial clashes in Chawinda coincided with the Battle of Phillora, and the fighting here intensified once the Pakistani forces at Phillora retreated. The battle came to an end shortly before the United Nations Security Council mandated an immediate ceasefire, which would formally end the hostilities of the 1965 war.^[15]^[16]

^ Jogindar Singh (1993). Behind the Scene: An Analysis of India's Military Operations, 1947–1971. Lancer Publishers. pp. 217–219. ISBN 1-897829-20-5. Retrieved 12 January 2015.
^ Chakravorty 1992a.
^ Abrar Hussain (2005). Men of Steel: 6 Armored Division in the 1965 War. Army Education Publishing House. pp. 36–52. ISBN 969-8125-19-1.
^ Nawaz 2008, pp. 227–230.
^ Krishna Rao 1991.
^
Sources assessing stalemate:
- Manus I. Midlarsky (2011). Origins of Political Extremism: Mass Violence in the Twentieth Century and Beyond. Cambridge University Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-1139500777.: "Several major tank battles would be fought, one at Khem Karan in Punjab yielding a major Pakistani defeat, and another at Chawinda involving over 600 tanks, the outcome of which was inconclusive."
- Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (4th ed.). McFarland. p. 600. ISBN 978-1476625850.: "Up to 600 tanks were engaged in the battle, primarily fought around Phillora and Chawinda, September 11–12, but the results were indecisive, largely because neither side properly supported their armor with infantry units."
- Hasan, Zubeida (Fourth Quarter 1965), "The India-Paktstan War – A summary account", Pakistan Horizon, 18 (4): 344–356, JSTOR 41393247: "After a few days of intense fighting, in which each side claimed to have inflicted heavy losses on the other, the war reached a stalemate on this front."
^ Zaloga 1980, p. 19.
^ Barua 2005, p. 191
^ Philip, Snehesh Alex (12 August 2019). "How Pakistani Lt Col Nisar Ahmed won over Indian peers after stalling their advance in 1965". ThePrint. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
^ Amin, Major A.H. "Battle of Chawinda Comedy of Higher Command Errors". Military historian. Defence journal(pakistan). Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.
^ ^a ^b Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (4th ed.). McFarland. p. 600. ISBN 978-1476625850.
^ ^a ^b Chakravorty 1992a, p. 221.
^ ^a ^b Zaloga 1980, p. 35.
^ Michael E. Haskew (2015). Tank: 100 Years of the World's Most Important Armored Military Vehicle. Voyageur Press. pp. 201–. ISBN 978-0-7603-4963-2.
^ Pradhan 2007.
^ "Indo-Pakistan War of 1965". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2 June 2012.

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

[Jogindar_Singh-1] Jogindar Singh (1993). Behind the Scene: An Analysis of India's Military Operations, 1947–1971. Lancer Publishers. pp. 217–219. ISBN 1-897829-20-5. Retrieved 12 January 2015.

[FOOTNOTEChakravorty1992a-2] Chakravorty 1992a.

[Abrar_Hussain-3] Abrar Hussain (2005). Men of Steel: 6 Armored Division in the 1965 War. Army Education Publishing House. pp. 36–52. ISBN 969-8125-19-1.

[FOOTNOTENawaz2008227–230-4] Nawaz 2008, pp. 227–230.

[FOOTNOTEKrishna_Rao1991-5] Krishna Rao 1991.

[6] Sources assessing stalemate:
Manus I. Midlarsky (2011). Origins of Political Extremism: Mass Violence in the Twentieth Century and Beyond. Cambridge University Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-1139500777.: "Several major tank battles would be fought, one at Khem Karan in Punjab yielding a major Pakistani defeat, and another at Chawinda involving over 600 tanks, the outcome of which was inconclusive."

Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (4th ed.). McFarland. p. 600. ISBN 978-1476625850.: "Up to 600 tanks were engaged in the battle, primarily fought around Phillora and Chawinda, September 11–12, but the results were indecisive, largely because neither side properly supported their armor with infantry units."

Hasan, Zubeida (Fourth Quarter 1965), "The India-Paktstan War – A summary account", Pakistan Horizon, 18 (4): 344–356, JSTOR 41393247: "After a few days of intense fighting, in which each side claimed to have inflicted heavy losses on the other, the war reached a stalemate on this front."

[7] Manus I. Midlarsky (2011). Origins of Political Extremism: Mass Violence in the Twentieth Century and Beyond. Cambridge University Press. p. 256. ISBN 978-1139500777.: "Several major tank battles would be fought, one at Khem Karan in Punjab yielding a major Pakistani defeat, and another at Chawinda involving over 600 tanks, the outcome of which was inconclusive."

[8] Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (4th ed.). McFarland. p. 600. ISBN 978-1476625850.: "Up to 600 tanks were engaged in the battle, primarily fought around Phillora and Chawinda, September 11–12, but the results were indecisive, largely because neither side properly supported their armor with infantry units."

[9] Hasan, Zubeida (Fourth Quarter 1965), "The India-Paktstan War – A summary account", Pakistan Horizon, 18 (4): 344–356, JSTOR 41393247: "After a few days of intense fighting, in which each side claimed to have inflicted heavy losses on the other, the war reached a stalemate on this front."

[FOOTNOTEZaloga198019-8] Zaloga 1980, p. 19.

[Barua_191-9] Barua 2005, p. 191

[10] Philip, Snehesh Alex (12 August 2019). "How Pakistani Lt Col Nisar Ahmed won over Indian peers after stalling their advance in 1965". ThePrint. Retrieved 28 November 2020.

[MajorAH-11] Amin, Major A.H. "Battle of Chawinda Comedy of Higher Command Errors". Military historian. Defence journal(pakistan). Archived from the original on 19 July 2011. Retrieved 12 July 2011.

[Clodfelter-12] Clodfelter, Micheal (2017). Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 (4th ed.). McFarland. p. 600. ISBN 978-1476625850.

[FOOTNOTEChakravorty1992a221-13] Chakravorty 1992a, p. 221.

[FOOTNOTEZaloga198035-14] Zaloga 1980, p. 35.

[Haskew2015-16] Michael E. Haskew (2015). Tank: 100 Years of the World's Most Important Armored Military Vehicle. Voyageur Press. pp. 201–. ISBN 978-0-7603-4963-2.

[FOOTNOTEPradhan2007-17] Pradhan 2007.

[GlobalSecurity.org_-_Indo-Pakistan_War_of_1965-18] "Indo-Pakistan War of 1965". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 2 June 2012.

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