American individualist anarchist (1854–1939)
Benjamin Ricketson Tucker (; April 17, 1854 – June 22, 1939) was an American individualist anarchist [1] [2] [3] and self-identified socialist.[4] [5] [6] Tucker was the editor and publisher of the American individualist anarchist periodical Liberty (1881–1908). Tucker described his form of anarchism as "consistent Manchesterism " and stated that "the Anarchists are simply unterrified Jeffersonian Democrats ."[7] [8]
Tucker looked upon anarchism as a part of the broader socialist movement.[9] Tucker harshly opposed state socialism and was a supporter of free-market socialism and libertarian socialism [10] which he termed anarchist or anarchistic socialism [11] [12] as well as a follower of mutualism .[13] He connected the classical economics of Adam Smith and the Ricardian socialists as well as that of Josiah Warren , Karl Marx and Pierre-Joseph Proudhon to socialism.[2] [14] [15] Later in his life, Tucker converted to Max Stirner 's egoism .[16] Some modern commentators have described Tucker as an anarcho-capitalist ,[17] [18] although this has been disputed by others,[19] [20] as well as by some anarcho-capitalists who state the differences between their ideology and individualist anarchism.[21] During his lifetime, Tucker opposed capitalism[22] and considered himself a socialist due to his belief in the labor theory of value and disputed many of the dictionary definitions of the term which he believed were inaccurate.[23] [24]
^ McKay, Iain. "An Anarchist FAQ." Oakland. AK Press. 2008. pp 22
^ a b Martin, James J. (1953). Men Against the State: The Expositers of Individualist Anarchism in America, 1827–1908 . "Benjamin R. Tucker and the Age of Liberty I" . Auburn: Mises Institute. pp. 202–233. ISBN 9781610163910 .
^ Johnson, Charles (26 August 2015). "Benjamin Tucker on Anarcho-Capitalism" . Center for a Stateless Society . Retrieved 2022-06-27 . [...] or identify anarcho-capitalism as a close relation of the free-market individualist anarchism of Benjamin Tucker, Lysander Spooner, Victor Yarros, et al.
^ Tucker, Benjamin R. Instead of a Book. Alpha Editions: USA. 2019. pp. 363. “But Liberty insists on Socialism, nevertheless,- on true Socialism, Anarchistic Socialism…”
^ Martin, James J. Men Against the State. Ralph Myles Publisher Inc.: Colorado. 1970. pp. 218. “Tucker was the most vulnerable to those which reproached his program of destructive criticism…Of many well-conceived replies the following is characteristic: ‘In short we offer voluntary scientific socialism…’”
^ Chartier, Gary. Anarchy and Legal Order. Cambridge University Press: New York. 2013. pp. 397. “Similarly, Benjamin Tucker, who explicitly identified himself as a socialist…”
^ Tucker, "Should Labor be Paid or Not?" , in Instead of a Book .
^ Tucker, "State Socialism and Anarchism" , in Instead of a Book ; see also McCarthy, Daniel (January 1, 2010) A Fistful of Dynamite Archived 2011-05-18 at the Wayback Machine , The American Conservative .
^ Martin, James J. Men Against the State. Ralph Myles Publisher Inc.: Colorado. 1970. pp. 226-227.
^ Carson, Kevin A. Studies in Mutualist Political Economy. www.booksurge.com: South Carolina, USA. 2007. pp. 187.
^ Benjamin Tucker. "Socialism: What It Is" . Fair Use Repository .
^ Chartier, Gary . Anarchy and Legal Order. Cambridge University Press: New York. 2013. pp. 399.
^ Martin, James J. Men Against the State. Ralph Myles Publisher Inc.: Colorado. 1970. pp. 226.
^ Tucker, Benjamin. Instead of a Book. Alpha Editions. 2019. pp 10
^ Chartier, Gary. Anarchy and Legal Order. Cambridge University Press: New York. 2013. pp. 401.
^ Martin, James J. (1953). Men Against the State: The Expositers of Individualist Anarchism in America, 1827–1908 . "Benjamin R. Tucker and the Age of Liberty II" . Auburn: Mises Institute. pp. 234–278. ISBN 9781610163910 .
^ Freeden, Michael; Sargent, Lyman Tower; Stears, Marc (2013-08-15). The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies . Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 388. ISBN 978-0-19-958597-7 .
^ Curran, G. (2006-10-31). 21st Century Dissent: Anarchism, Anti-Globalization and Environmentalism . Springer. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-230-80084-7 .
^ McKay, Iain. An Anarchist FAQ. AK Press. Oakland. 2008. pp 23, 526.
^ Chartier, Gary. Anarchy and Legal Order. Cambridge University Press: New York. 2013. pp. 402-403.
^ Rothbard, Murray. "Are Libertarians 'Anarchists'? ". Lew Rockwell.com. Retrieved 30, June 2022.
^ Chartier, Gary. Anarchy and Legal Order. Cambridge University Press: New York. 2013. pp. 403.
^ Tucker, Benjamin. Instead of a Book. Alpha Editions. 2019. pp 364-365.
^ Chartier, Gary. Anarchy and Legal Order. Cambridge University Press: New York. 2013. pp. 400 fn 32.