Bessemer process

The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass production of steel from molten pig iron before the development of the open hearth furnace. The key principle is removal of impurities and undesired elements, primarily excess carbon contained in the pig iron by oxidation with air being blown through the molten iron. Oxidation of the excess carbon also raises the temperature of the iron mass and keeps it molten. Virtually all the pig iron carbon is removed by the converter and so carbon must be added at the end of the process to create steel, 0.25% carbon content is a typical value for low carbon steel which is used in construction and other low stress applications.

The modern process is named after its inventor, the Englishman Henry Bessemer, who took out a patent on the process in 1856.^[1] The process was said to be independently discovered in 1851 by the American inventor William Kelly^[2]^[3] though the claim is controversial.^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

The process using a basic refractory lining is known as the "basic Bessemer process" or Gilchrist–Thomas process after the English discoverers Percy Gilchrist and Sidney Gilchrist Thomas.

^ Cite error: The named reference wag361 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Wagner, Donald (2008). Science and Civilisation in China: Vol. 5, Part 11: Ferrous Metallurgy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 363–5. ISBN 978-0-521-87566-0.
^ "Bessemer process". Britannica. Vol. 2. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2005. p. 168.
^ Gordon, Robert B. (2001). American Iron, 1607–1900. JHU Press. pp. 221–. ISBN 978-0-8018-6816-0.
^ The Beginnings of Cheap Steel by Philip W. Bishop. Retrieved 23 February 2018 – via www.gutenberg.org.
^ "No. 762: Kelly's Converter". www.uh.edu. Retrieved 23 February 2018.
^ Shaping Technology/building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change. MIT Press. 29 September 1994. pp. 112–. ISBN 978-0-262-26043-5.

[wag361-1] Cite error: The named reference wag361 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[wag-2] Wagner, Donald (2008). Science and Civilisation in China: Vol. 5, Part 11: Ferrous Metallurgy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 363–5. ISBN 978-0-521-87566-0.

[3] "Bessemer process". Britannica. Vol. 2. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2005. p. 168.

[4] Gordon, Robert B. (2001). American Iron, 1607–1900. JHU Press. pp. 221–. ISBN 978-0-8018-6816-0.

[5] The Beginnings of Cheap Steel by Philip W. Bishop. Retrieved 23 February 2018 – via www.gutenberg.org.

[6] "No. 762: Kelly's Converter". www.uh.edu. Retrieved 23 February 2018.

[7] Shaping Technology/building Society: Studies in Sociotechnical Change. MIT Press. 29 September 1994. pp. 112–. ISBN 978-0-262-26043-5.

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