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Bhagavad Gita

Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see Bhagavad Gita (disambiguation) and Gita (disambiguation).

Bhagavad Gita
Bhagavad Gita's revelation: Krishna tells the Gita to Arjuna
Information
ReligionHinduism
AuthorTraditionally attributed to Vyasa
LanguageSanskrit
Chapters18
Verses700
Full text
The Bhagavad Gita at English Wikisource

The Bhagavad Gita (/ˌbʌɡəvəd ˈɡiːtɑː/; Sanskrit: भगवद्गीता, romanized: bhagavad-gītā, lit. '"God's Song"'[a]), often referred to as the Gita (IAST: gītā), is a 700-verse Hindu scripture, which is part of the epic Mahabharata. The text is dated to the second half of the first millennium BCE,[2] and is one of the most prominent ancient Hindu texts.[3][4] While Hinduism includes several denominations, the Gita holds a unique pan-Hindu influence as a sacred text.[5][4] The Gita presents a summarization of key Hindu concepts of self (Atman) and the supreme self (Brahman), [note 1] while also synthesizing the ideas of moral duties (Dharma), action (Karma), devotion (Bhakti), and spiritual liberation (Moksha).[6][7][8]

The Bhagavad Gita is set in a narrative framework of dialogue between the Pandava prince Arjuna and his charioteer guide Krishna, an avatar of Vishnu. At the start of the Kurukshetra War between the Pandavas and the Kauravas, Arjuna despairs thinking about the violence and death the war will cause in the battle against his kin and becomes emotionally preoccupied with a dilemma.[9] Wondering if he should renounce the war, Arjuna seeks the counsel of Krishna, whose answers and discourse constitute the Bhagavad Gita. Krishna counsels Arjuna to "fulfil his Kshatriya (warrior) duty" for the upholding of dharma.[10] The Krishna–Arjuna dialogue covers a broad range of spiritual topics, touching upon moral and ethical dilemmas, and philosophical issues that go far beyond the war that Arjuna faces.[1][11][12] The setting of the text in a battlefield has been interpreted as an allegory for the struggles of human life.

Summarizing the Upanishadic conceptions of God, the Gita posits the existence of an individual self (Atman) and the supreme self (Brahman) within each being.[note 1] The dialogue between the prince and his charioteer has been interpreted as a metaphor for an immortal dialogue between the human self and God.[note 2] Commentators of Vedanta read varying notions in the Bhagavad Gita about the relationship between the Atman (individual Self) and Brahman (supreme Self); Advaita Vedanta affirms on the non-dualism of Atman and Brahman,[13] Vishishtadvaita asserts qualified non-dualism with Atman and Brahman being related but different in certain aspects, while Dvaita Vedanta declares the complete duality of Atman and Brahman.[note 3][12][14]

The Bhagavad Gita is one of the most revered Hindu scriptures,[3] and per Hindu mythology, it was written by the god Ganesha, as told to him by the sage Veda Vyasa. It forms the chapters 23–40 of book 6 of the Mahabharata called the Bhishma Parva. The text covers Jñāna, Bhakti, Karma, and Rāja yogas,[6] while incorporating ideas from the Samkhya-Yoga philosophy.[web 1][note 4] The Bhagawad Gita is a central text in the Vaishnava Hindu tradition, and is part of the prasthanatrayi. Numerous commentaries have been written on the Bhagavad Gita with differing views on its essence and essentials. It has been noted that if there is any one text that comes near to embodying the totality of Hindu thought, it is the Bhagavad Gita.[3][16]

  1. ^ a b Davis 2014, p. 2.
  2. ^ "Bhagavadgita | Definition, Contents, & Significance | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Archived from the original on 21 August 2018. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
  3. ^ a b c Catherine A. Robinson (2014). Interpretations of the Bhagavad-Gita and Images of the Hindu Tradition: The Song of the Lord. Taylor & Francis. pp. viii–ix. ISBN 978-1-134-27891-6.
  4. ^ a b Keya Maitra (2018). Philosophy of the Bhagavad Gita: A Contemporary Introduction. Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-1-350-04017-5.
  5. ^ J.A.B. van Buitenen 2013, pp. 6–7, Quote: "Its [Bhagavadgita's] importance as a religious text is demonstrated by its uniquely pan-Hindu influence".
  6. ^ a b Eliot Deutsch & Rohit Dalvi 2004, pp. 61–62.
  7. ^ Scheepers 2000.
  8. ^ Robinson 2006, pp. 69–70, 95–100.
  9. ^ The Song Celestial, Or, Bhagavad-gîtâ (from the Mahâbhârata) Being a Discourse Between Arjuna, Prince of India, and the Supreme Being Under the Form of Krishna. Roberts Bros. 1885. pp. Book one the first, page 19.
  10. ^ Easwaran 2007, pp. 111–122.
  11. ^ Eliot Deutsch & Rohit Dalvi 2004, pp. 60–62.
  12. ^ a b Sargeant 2009, pp. x–xviii.
  13. ^ Eliot Deutsch & Rohit Dalvi 2004, p. 97
  14. ^ Ronald Neufeldt (30 September 1986). Robert Neil Minor (ed.). Modern Indian Interpreters of the Bhagavad Gita. State University of New York Press. pp. 31–33. ISBN 978-1-4384-1325-9.
  15. ^ Raju 1992, p. 211.
  16. ^ Gerald James Larson (2009). Jacob Neusner (ed.). World Religions in America, Fourth Edition: An Introduction. Westminster John Knox Press. p. 187. ISBN 978-1-61164-047-2.


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