Black Friday (1978)

Black Friday
Black Friday
Part of Iranian Revolution
Location	Tehran, Iran
Date	8 September 1978 (GMT+3.30)
Deaths	64 protesters; or 94 (64 protesters, 30 government security forces); or at least 100 (88)
Injured	205
Perpetrators	Imperial Army of Iran

Black Friday (Persian: جمعه سیاه, romanized: Jom'e-ye Siyāh) is the name given to an incident occurring on 8 September 1978 (17 Shahrivar 1357 in the Iranian calendar) in Iran,^[9] in which 64,^[1] or at least 100^[10]^[11] people were shot dead and 205 injured by the Pahlavi military in Jaleh Square (Persian: میدان ژاله, romanized: Meydān-e Jāleh) in Tehran.^[12]^[13] According to the military historian Spencer C. Tucker, 94 were killed on Black Friday, consisting of 64 protesters and 30 government security forces.^[2] The deaths were described as the pivotal event in the Iranian Revolution that ended any "hope for compromise" between the protest movement and the regime of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.^[14]

^ ^a ^b Foltz, Richard (2016). Iran in World History. Oxford University Press. p. 108.
^ ^a ^b Tucker, Spencer C. (2017). The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions: Conflicts that Changed World History. ABC-CLIO. p. 439.
^ Cite error: The named reference Baghi was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Shakman Hurd, Elizabeth (2009). The Politics of Secularism in International Relations. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1400828012.
^ Berg-Sørensen, Anders (2016). Contesting Secularism: Comparative Perspectives. Routledge. ISBN 9781317160243.
^ Thiessen, Mark (2008). An Island of Stability: The Islamic Revolution of Iran and the Dutch Opinion. Sidestone Press. ISBN 9789088900198.
^ ^a ^b "Emad Baghi :: English". emadbaghi.com. Retrieved 8 September 2018.
^ Andrew Scott Cooper, The Fall of Heaven: The Pahlavis and the Final Days of Imperial Iran Hardcover – 19 July 2016 ISBN 0805098976
^ Abrahamian, Ervand (21 July 1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. p. 516. ISBN 978-0691101347. black friday iran.
^ Razipour, Suzanne Maloney and Keian (24 January 2019). "The Iranian revolution—A timeline of events". Brookings. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
^ "Timeline of the Iranian revolution". Reuters. 11 February 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2020.
^ Bashiriyeh, Hossein (27 April 2012). The State and Revolution in Iran (RLE Iran D). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136820892.
^ Fischer, Michael M. J. (15 July 2003). Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299184735.
^ Abrahamian, Ervand, History of Modern Iran, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 160–1

[Foltz-1] Foltz, Richard (2016). Iran in World History. Oxford University Press. p. 108.

[Tucker-2] Tucker, Spencer C. (2017). The Roots and Consequences of Civil Wars and Revolutions: Conflicts that Changed World History. ABC-CLIO. p. 439.

[Baghi-3] Cite error: The named reference Baghi was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Lizi-4] Shakman Hurd, Elizabeth (2009). The Politics of Secularism in International Relations. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1400828012.

[5] Berg-Sørensen, Anders (2016). Contesting Secularism: Comparative Perspectives. Routledge. ISBN 9781317160243.

[6] Thiessen, Mark (2008). An Island of Stability: The Islamic Revolution of Iran and the Dutch Opinion. Sidestone Press. ISBN 9789088900198.

[Emad_Baghi_::_English-7] "Emad Baghi :: English". emadbaghi.com. Retrieved 8 September 2018.

[ReferenceA-8] Andrew Scott Cooper, The Fall of Heaven: The Pahlavis and the Final Days of Imperial Iran Hardcover – 19 July 2016 ISBN 0805098976

[Abraham-9] Abrahamian, Ervand (21 July 1982). Iran Between Two Revolutions. Princeton University Press. p. 516. ISBN 978-0691101347. black friday iran.

[10] Razipour, Suzanne Maloney and Keian (24 January 2019). "The Iranian revolution—A timeline of events". Brookings. Retrieved 7 September 2020.

[11] "Timeline of the Iranian revolution". Reuters. 11 February 2019. Retrieved 7 September 2020.

[Hossein-12] Bashiriyeh, Hossein (27 April 2012). The State and Revolution in Iran (RLE Iran D). Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781136820892.

[Fischer-13] Fischer, Michael M. J. (15 July 2003). Iran: From Religious Dispute to Revolution. Univ of Wisconsin Press. ISBN 9780299184735.

[14] Abrahamian, Ervand, History of Modern Iran, Cambridge University Press, 2008, p. 160–1

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