Ideology that seeks to develop a black national identity
Black nationalism is a nationalist movement which seeks liberation , equality , representation and/or self-determination for black people as a distinct national identity , especially in racialized , colonial and postcolonial societies.[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] Its earliest proponents saw it as a way to advocate for democratic representation in culturally plural societies or to establish self-governing independent nation-states for black people.[3] Modern black nationalism often aims for the social, political, and economic empowerment of black communities within white majority societies , either as an alternative to assimilation or as a way to ensure greater representation and equality within predominantly Eurocentric or white cultures .[1] [6] [7] [8]
As an ideology, black nationalism encompasses a diverse range of beliefs which have variously included forms of economic , political and cultural nationalism , or pan-nationalism .[9] [7] It often overlaps with, but is distinguished from, similar concepts and movements such as Pan-Africanism , Ethiopianism , the back-to-Africa movement , Afrocentrism , Black Zionism , and Garveyism .[5] Critics of black nationalism say it promotes racial and ethnic nationalism , separatism and black supremacy , and they compare it to white nationalism and white supremacy . However, the Southern Poverty Law Center says that black nationalist groups exist in a "categorically different" environment than white nationalists in the United States.[10]
Historically, black nationalism has been the target of suppression campaigns by state agencies such as COINTELPRO , led by the FBI in the 1970s, and the post-2017 crackdowns on "black identity extremists".[11] [12] [13] [14]
^ a b "black nationalism | United States history" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Archived from the original on 25 February 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2017 .
^ Hall, Raymond L. (2014). Black separatism and social reality: rhetoric and reason . New York: Pergamon Press . pp. 1–2. ISBN 978-1-4831-1917-5 .
^ a b Delany, Martin (1850). "A Black Nationalist Manifesto" . tildesites.bowdoin.edu . Retrieved 31 January 2024 .
^ "Black Nationalism in Historical Context · The Illusion of Inclusion: The Nubian Message in the 1990s · The State of History" . soh.omeka.chass.ncsu.edu . Retrieved 31 January 2024 .
^ a b Spence, Lester K.; Shaw, Todd C.; Brown, Robert A. (31 March 2005). " "TRUE TO OUR NATIVE LAND": Distinguishing Attitudinal Support for Pan-Africanism from Black Separatism" . Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race . 2 (1): 91–111. doi :10.1017/S1742058X05050071 . ISSN 1742-0598 . S2CID 145808808 .
^ "Philadelphia: Black Nationalism on Campus - 93.01" . www.theatlantic.com . Retrieved 31 January 2024 .
^ a b Blake, J. Herman (1969). "Black Nationalism" . The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science . 382 : 15–25. doi :10.1177/000271626938200103 . ISSN 0002-7162 . JSTOR 1037110 . S2CID 220837953 .
^ Robinson, Dean E., ed. (2001), "Black Nationalism as Ethnic Pluralism" , Black Nationalism in American Politics and Thought , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 88–103, doi :10.1017/cbo9780511606038.006 , ISBN 978-0-521-62326-1 , retrieved 1 February 2024
^ "Cultural Nationalism · exhibits" . digilab.libs.uga.edu . Retrieved 31 January 2024 .
^ Cite error: The named reference Beirich-2019
was invoked but never defined (see the help page ).
^ Gavins, Raymond, ed. (2016), "Black Nationalism" , The Cambridge Guide to African American History , Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 34–35, doi :10.1017/CBO9781316216453.039 , ISBN 978-1-107-10339-9 , retrieved 1 February 2024
^ Hoban, Virgie. " 'Discredit, disrupt, and destroy': FBI records acquired by the Library reveal violent surveillance of Black leaders, civil rights organizations | UC Berkeley Library" . www.lib.berkeley.edu . Retrieved 1 February 2024 .
^ "FBI report on black 'extremists' raises fears of targeting" . PBS NewsHour . 20 November 2017. Retrieved 1 February 2024 .
^ Wiggins, Maya Berry, Kai (11 September 2019). "Leaked Documents Contain Major Revelations About the FBI's Terrorism Classifications" . Just Security . Retrieved 1 February 2024 . {{cite web }}
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