Bombing of Guernica

Operation Rügen
Part of the Spanish Civil War
Ruins of Guernica (1937)
Type	Aerial bombing
Location	Guernica, Basque Country, Spain 43°18′50″N 2°40′42″W / 43.31389°N 2.67833°W / 43.31389; -2.67833
Planned by	National Defense Junta
Date	26 April 1937; 87 years ago (1937-04-26) 16:30 – 19:30 (CET)
Executed by	Nationalist Spain Condor Legion Legionary Air Force
Casualties	~150–1,654 (estimates vary) killed
Guernica Location of Guernica within the Basque Autonomous Community

On 26 April 1937, the Basque town of Guernica (Gernika in Basque) was aerial bombed during the Spanish Civil War. It was carried out at the behest of Francisco Franco's rebel Nationalist faction by its allies, the Nazi German Luftwaffe's Condor Legion and the Fascist Italian Aviazione Legionaria, under the code name Operation Rügen. The town was being used as a communications centre by Republican forces just behind the front line, and the raid was intended to destroy bridges and roads.^[1] The operation opened the way to Franco's capture of Bilbao and his victory in northern Spain.

The attack gained controversy because it involved the bombing of civilians by a military air force. Seen as a war crime by some historians, and argued as a legitimate attack by others,^[2] it was one of the first aerial bombings to capture global attention. Under the international laws regarding aerial warfare in 1937, Guernica was a legitimate military target.^[3] The number of victims is still disputed; the Basque government reported 1,654 people killed at the time, while local historians identified 126 victims^[4] (later revised by the authors of the study to 153).^[5] A British source used by the USAF Air War College claims 400 civilians died.^[6][7] Soviet archives claim 800 deaths on 1 May 1937, but this number may not include victims who later died of their injuries in hospitals or whose bodies were discovered buried in the rubble.^[8]

The bombing is the subject of the anti-war painting Guernica by Pablo Picasso, which was commissioned by the Spanish Republic. It was also depicted in a woodcut by the German artist Heinz Kiwitz,^[9] who was later killed fighting in the International Brigades,^[10] and by René Magritte in the painting Le Drapeau Noir.^[11] The bombing shocked and inspired many other artists, including a sculpture by René Iché, one of the first electroacoustic music pieces by Patrick Ascione, musical compositions by Octavio Vazquez (Gernika Piano Trio), René-Louis Baron and Mike Batt (performed by Katie Melua), and poems by Paul Eluard (Victory of Guernica), and Uys Krige (Nag van die Fascistiese Bomwerpers, English translation from the Afrikaans: Night of the Fascist Bombers). There is also a short film from 1950 by Alain Resnais titled Guernica.