Buckminster Fuller

Buckminster Fuller
Buckminster Fuller
	Fuller in 1972
Born	Richard Buckminster Fuller; July 12, 1895; Milton, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died	July 1, 1983 (aged 87); Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupations	Designer; author; inventor;
Spouse	Anne Hewlett (m. 1917)
Children	2, including Allegra Fuller Snyder
Awards	Presidential Medal of Freedom (1983)
Buildings	Geodesic dome (1940s)
Projects	Dymaxion house (1928)
	Philosophy career
Education	Harvard University (expelled)
Notable work	Dymaxion Chronofile (1920–1983); Nine Chains to the Moon (1938); Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (1968); Critical Path (1981);
Family	Timothy Fuller (great-grandfather); Arthur Buckminster Fuller (grandfather); Margaret Fuller (grandaunt);
Era	20th-century philosophy
Region	Western philosophy American philosophy; ;
Main interests	Systems theory;
Notable ideas	Cloud Nine (sphere); Current solar income; Design science; Energy slave; Ephemeralization; Dymaxion car; house; map; ; Geoscope; Space frame; Spaceship earth; Synergetics; Tensegrity;
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Richard Buckminster Fuller (/ˈfʊlər/; July 12, 1895 – July 1, 1983)^[1] was an American architect, systems theorist, writer, designer, inventor, philosopher, and futurist. He styled his name as R. Buckminster Fuller in his writings, publishing more than 30 books and coining or popularizing such terms as "Spaceship Earth", "Dymaxion" (e.g., Dymaxion house, Dymaxion car, Dymaxion map), "ephemeralization", "synergetics", and "tensegrity".

Fuller developed numerous inventions, mainly architectural designs, and popularized the widely known geodesic dome; carbon molecules known as fullerenes were later named by scientists for their structural and mathematical resemblance to geodesic spheres. He also served as the second World President of Mensa International from 1974 to 1983.^[2]^[3]

Fuller was awarded 28 United States patents^[4] and many honorary doctorates. In 1960, he was awarded the Frank P. Brown Medal from The Franklin Institute. He was elected an honorary member of Phi Beta Kappa in 1967, on the occasion of the 50-year reunion of his Harvard class of 1917 (from which he was expelled in his first year).^[5]^[6] He was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1968.^[7] The same year, he was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member. He became a full Academician in 1970, and he received the Gold Medal award from the American Institute of Architects the same year. Also in 1970, Fuller received the title of Master Architect from Alpha Rho Chi (APX), the national fraternity for architecture and the allied arts.^[8] In 1976, he received the St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates.^[9]^[10] In 1977, he received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement.^[11] He also received numerous other awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom, presented to him on February 23, 1983, by President Ronald Reagan.^[12]

^ Encyclopædia Britannica. (2007). "Fuller, R. Buckminster". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 20, 2007.
^ Serebriakoff, Victor (1986). Mensa: The Society for the Highly Intelligent. Stein and Day. pp. 299, 304. ISBN 978-0-8128-3091-0.
^ Staff (2010). "The History of Mensa: Chapter 1: The Early Years (1945-1953)". Mensa Switzerland. Archived from the original on March 8, 2019. Retrieved March 8, 2019.
^ "Partial list of Fuller U.S. patents". Retrieved April 18, 2014.
^ "Catalogue of Members: Harvard members elected from 1966-1981" (PDF). Harvard College Phi Beta Kappa. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
^ Sieden, L. Steven (2011). "Biography of R. Buckminster Fuller - Section 4: 1947–1976". BuckyFullerNow.com. Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2015.
^ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter F" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved April 7, 2011.
^ ""Website of Alpha Rho Chi"". Retrieved October 16, 2023.
^ "Website of St. Louis Literary Award". Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
^ Saint Louis University Library Associates. "Recipients of the Saint Louis Literary Award". Archived from the original on July 31, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
^ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
^ Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom Reagan Library. February 23, 1983. Retrieved May 8, 2024

[1] Encyclopædia Britannica. (2007). "Fuller, R. Buckminster". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Archived from the original on October 21, 2007. Retrieved April 20, 2007.

[2] Serebriakoff, Victor (1986). Mensa: The Society for the Highly Intelligent. Stein and Day. pp. 299, 304. ISBN 978-0-8128-3091-0.

[mensa_history-3] Staff (2010). "The History of Mensa: Chapter 1: The Early Years (1945-1953)". Mensa Switzerland. Archived from the original on March 8, 2019. Retrieved March 8, 2019.

[4] "Partial list of Fuller U.S. patents". Retrieved April 18, 2014.

[PhiBetaKappa1-5] "Catalogue of Members: Harvard members elected from 1966-1981" (PDF). Harvard College Phi Beta Kappa. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved January 31, 2015.

[BuckyFullerNowBio4-6] Sieden, L. Steven (2011). "Biography of R. Buckminster Fuller - Section 4: 1947–1976". BuckyFullerNow.com. Archived from the original on February 26, 2015. Retrieved January 31, 2015.

[AAAS-7] "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter F" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Archived (PDF) from the original on October 9, 2022. Retrieved April 7, 2011.

[alpharhochi1-8] ""Website of Alpha Rho Chi"". Retrieved October 16, 2023.

[9] "Website of St. Louis Literary Award". Archived from the original on April 27, 2019. Retrieved July 25, 2016.

[10] Saint Louis University Library Associates. "Recipients of the Saint Louis Literary Award". Archived from the original on July 31, 2016. Retrieved July 25, 2016.

[11] "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.

[12] Remarks at the Presentation Ceremony for the Presidential Medal of Freedom Reagan Library. February 23, 1983. Retrieved May 8, 2024

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Buckminster Fuller
Fuller in 1972
Born	Richard Buckminster Fuller (1895-07-12)July 12, 1895 Milton, Massachusetts, U.S.
Died	July 1, 1983(1983-07-01) (aged 87) Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Occupations	Designer author inventor
Spouse	Anne Hewlett (m. 1917)
Children	2, including Allegra Fuller Snyder
Awards	Presidential Medal of Freedom (1983)

Buildings	Geodesic dome (1940s)
Projects	Dymaxion house (1928)

Philosophy career
Education	Harvard University (expelled)
Notable work	Dymaxion Chronofile (1920–1983) Nine Chains to the Moon (1938) Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth (1968) Critical Path (1981)
Family	Timothy Fuller (great-grandfather) Arthur Buckminster Fuller (grandfather) Margaret Fuller (grandaunt)

Era	20th-century philosophy
Region	Western philosophy American philosophy
Main interests	Systems theory
Notable ideas	Cloud Nine (sphere) Current solar income Design science Energy slave Ephemeralization Dymaxion car house map Geoscope Space frame Spaceship earth Synergetics Tensegrity

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