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Bukovina
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Historical region of Eastern Europe | |
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 Coat of arms | |
 Location of Bukovina within northern Romania and neighbouring Ukraine | |
| Country |  Romania Ukraine |
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| Founded by | Habsburg monarchy |
| Demonyms |
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| Time zone | UTC+2 (EET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+3 (EEST) |
Bukovina[nb 1] is a historical region at the crossroads of Central and Eastern Europe.[1] It is located on the northern slopes of the central Eastern Carpathians and the adjoining plains, today divided between Romania and Ukraine.
Inhabited by many cultures and peoples, settled by both Ukrainians (Ruthenians) and Romanians (Moldavians),[2] it became part of the Kievan Rus' and Pechenegs' territory early on during the 10th century and an integral part of the Principality of Moldavia in the 14th century where the capital of Moldavia, Suceava, was founded, eventually expanding its territory all the way to the Black Sea.
Consequently, the culture of the Kievan Rus' spread in the region during the early Middle Ages. During the time of the Golden Horde, namely in the 14th century (or in the High Middle Ages), Bukovina became part of Moldavia under Hungarian suzerainty (i.e. under the medieval Kingdom of Hungary).
According to the Moldo-Russian Chronicle, the Hungarian king Vladislav (Ladislaus) asked the Old Romans (i.e. Byzantines) and the New Romans (i.e. Vlachs) to fight the Tatars. During the same event, it writes that Dragoș was one of the New Romans. Eventually, Dragoș dismounted Moldavia named from a river (Moldova River) flowing in Bukovina. During a Vlach revolt in Bukovina against Balc, Dragoș's grandson, Bogdan the Founder joined the revolt and deposed Balc, securing independence from the Kingdom of Hungary. In 1497 a battle took place at the Cosmin Forest (the hilly forests separating Chernivtsi and Siret valleys), at which Stephen III of Moldavia (Stephen the Great), managed to defeat the much-stronger but demoralized army of King John I Albert of Poland. The battle is known in Polish popular culture as "the battle when the Knights have perished".
The territory of what became known as Bukovina was, from 1774 (officially May 7, 1775 Treaty of Kuchuk Kainarji) to 1919 (Peace Treaty of Paris St Germain en Laye), an administrative division of the Habsburg monarchy, the Austrian Empire, and Austria-Hungary.[3] The first census that recorded ethnicity was made in 1851 and shows a population of 184,718 or 48.5% Romanians, 144,982 or 38.1% Ukrainians and 51,126 or 13.4% others, with a total population of 380,826 people. By 1910, Romanians and Ukrainians were almost in equal numbers with the Romanians concentrated mainly in the south and the Ukrainians mainly in the north. By 1930, following the Kingdom of Romania's acquisition of Bukovina, the region had a total population of 839,500. The region's ethnic composition was approximately 368,500 or 43% Romanian, 235,800 or 28% Ukrainian, 91,100 or 11% Jewish, 75,000 or 9% German, 30,500 or 3.6% Polish, 12,400 or 1.5% Hutsul, and 11,800 or 1.4% Hungarian, with the remainder consisting of Russians, Romani, and other ethnic groups.[4]
In 1940, the northern half of Bukovina was annexed by the Soviet Union in violation of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, a non-aggression pact between Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union.[5] The region was temporarily recovered by Romania as an ally of Nazi Germany after the latter invaded the Soviet Union in 1941, but retaken by the Soviet army in 1944.[2] Bukovina's population was historically ethnically diverse. Today, Bukovina's northern half is the Chernivtsi Oblast of Ukraine, while the southern part is Suceava County of Romania.[2] Bukovina is sometimes known as the 'Switzerland of the East', given its diverse ethnic mosaic and deep forested mountainous landscapes.[6][7][8]
Cite error: There are <ref group=nb> tags on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=nb}} template (see the help page).
- ^ "Bukovina | region, Europe". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
- ^ a b c "Bukovina". Britannica. Archived from the original on 22 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.
- ^ Lindenbauer, Petrea. 2003. Diascursive Practice in Bukovina Textbooks. In Rindler Schjerve (ed). Diglossia and Power. Berlin: de Gruyter, p. 234.
- ^ UNGUREANU, Constantin. Populaţia Bucovinei în 1910 şi 1930. Evoluţii etno-demografice. In: In honorem Alexandru Moşanu: Studii de istorie medievală, modernă şi contemporană a românilor, 22 septembrie 2012, Cluj-Napoca. Cluj -Napoca, România: Academia Română. Centrul de Studii Transilvane: P resa Universitară Clujeană, 2012, pp. 449. ISBN 978-973-595-418-5.[1]
- ^ Brackman, Roman The Secret File of Joseph Stalin: A Hidden Life (2001) p. 341
- ^ Sophie A. Welsch (March 1986). "The Bukovina-Germans During the Habsburg Period: Settlement, Ethnic Interaction, Contributions" (PDF). Retrieved 6 October 2021.
- ^ Gaëlle Fisher (2019). "Looking Forwards through the Past: Bukovina's "Return to Europe" after 1989–1991". Lean Library. 33: 196–217. doi:10.1177/0888325418780479. S2CID 149895103.
- ^ David Rechter (16 October 2008). "Geography is destiny: Region, nation and empire in Habsburg Jewish Bukovina". Journal of Modern Jewish Studies. 7 (3): 325–337. doi:10.1080/14725880802405027. S2CID 142797383. Retrieved 6 October 2021.
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