Calcium-sensing receptor

CASR
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	5FBH, 5FBK, 7DTT, 7SIN, 7DD6, 7DTW
Identifiers
Aliases	CASR, CAR, EIG8, FHH, FIH, GPRC2A, HHC, HHC1, HYPOC1, NSHPT, PCAR1, calcium sensing receptor, hCasR, Calcium-sensing receptor+CaSR
External IDs	OMIM: 601199; MGI: 1351351; HomoloGene: 332; GeneCards: CASR; OMA:CASR - orthologs
Gene location (Human)
Chr.	Chromosome 3 (human)
End	122,291,629 bp
Gene location (Mouse)
Chr.	Chromosome 16 (mouse)
End	36,382,503 bp
RNA expression pattern
	Top expressed in
	islet of Langerhans; ; body of pancreas; ; human kidney; ; buccal mucosa cell; ; pancreatic ductal cell; ; gallbladder; ; renal medulla; ; kidney tubule; ; duodenum; ; liver;
	Top expressed in
	muscle of thigh; ; sternocleidomastoid muscle; ; right kidney; ; outer renal medulla; ; human kidney; ; distal tubule; ; triceps brachii muscle; ; islet of Langerhans; ; quadriceps femoris muscle; ; vastus lateralis muscle;
	More reference expression data
	; ;
	More reference expression data
Gene ontology
Molecular function	protein binding; signal transducer activity; phosphatidylinositol phospholipase C activity; G protein-coupled receptor activity; amino acid binding; protein homodimerization activity; metal ion binding; magnesium ion binding; calcium ion binding; polyamine binding; integrin binding; protein kinase binding; transmembrane transporter binding; signaling receptor activity;
Cellular component	integral component of membrane; plasma membrane; membrane; integral component of plasma membrane; nucleus; cytoplasm; cell surface; basolateral plasma membrane; apical plasma membrane; axon; neuron projection; soma; axon terminus;
Biological process	chemosensory behavior; calcium ion import; anatomical structure morphogenesis; signal transduction; detection of calcium ion; G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; ossification; response to ischemia; calcium ion transport; cellular calcium ion homeostasis; apoptotic process; adenylate cyclase-inhibiting G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; phospholipase C-activating G protein-coupled receptor signaling pathway; JNK cascade; positive regulation of cell population proliferation; response to metal ion; positive regulation of gene expression; response to organic cyclic compound; positive regulation of insulin secretion; positive regulation of ATP-dependent activity; cellular response to hepatocyte growth factor stimulus; vasodilation; positive regulation of vasoconstriction; branching morphogenesis of an epithelial tube; positive regulation of positive chemotaxis; response to calcium ion; regulation of calcium ion transport; fat pad development; cellular response to vitamin D; cellular response to glucose stimulus; cellular response to low-density lipoprotein particle stimulus; cellular response to hypoxia; response to fibroblast growth factor; positive regulation of calcium ion import; cellular response to peptide; bile acid secretion; chloride transmembrane transport; positive regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade;
	Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
Orthologs
	846
	12374
	ENSG00000036828
	ENSMUSG00000051980
	P41180
	Q9QY96
	NM_000388; NM_001178065
	NM_013803
	NP_000379; NP_001171536
	NP_038831
	Wikidata
View/Edit Human	View/Edit Mouse

The calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) is a Class C G-protein coupled receptor which senses extracellular levels of calcium ions. It is primarily expressed in the parathyroid gland, the renal tubules of the kidney, pancreatic islets and the brain.^[5]^[6] In the parathyroid gland, it controls calcium homeostasis by regulating the release of parathyroid hormone (PTH).^[7] In the kidney, it has an inhibitory effect on the re-absorption of calcium, potassium, sodium, and water depending on which segment of the tubule is being activated.^[8] CaSR has regulatory role in insulin secretion, adhesion and beta-cell proliferation in pancreatic islets.^[9]

Since the initial review of CaSR,^[10] there has been in-depth analysis of its role related to parathyroid disease and other roles related to tissues and organs in the body. 1993, Brown et al.^[11] isolated a clone named BoPCaR (bovine parathyroid calcium receptor) which replicated the effect when introduced to polyvalent cations. Because of this, the ability to clone full-length CaSRs from mammals were performed.^[12]

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000036828 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000051980 – Ensembl, May 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Yano S, Brown EM, Chattopadhyay N (March 2004). "Calcium-sensing receptor in the brain". Cell Calcium. 35 (3): 257–264. doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2003.10.008. PMID 15200149.
^ Giudice ML, Mihalik B, Dinnyés A, Kobolák J (July 2019). "The Nervous System Relevance of the Calcium Sensing Receptor in Health and Disease". Molecules. 24 (14): 2546. doi:10.3390/molecules24142546. PMC 6680999. PMID 31336912.
^ D'Souza-Li L (August 2006). "The calcium-sensing receptor and related diseases". Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabologia. 50 (4): 628–639. doi:10.1590/S0004-27302006000400008. PMID 17117288.
^ Vezzoli G, Soldati L, Gambaro G (April 2009). "Roles of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in renal mineral ion transport". Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. 10 (3): 302–310. doi:10.2174/138920109787847475. PMID 19355940.
^ Squires PE, Jones PM, Younis MY, Hills CE (2014-01-01). Litwack G (ed.). "The calcium-sensing receptor and β-cell function". Vitamins and Hormones. The Pancreatic Beta Cell. 95. Academic Press: 249–267. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800174-5.00010-7. PMID 24559921.
^ Brown EM, Pollak M, Riccardi D, Hebert SC (1994). "Cloning and characterization of an extracellular Ca(2+)-sensing receptor from parathyroid and kidney: new insights into the physiology and pathophysiology of calcium metabolism". Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation. 9 (12): 1703–1706. PMID 7708247.
^ "Cloning and characterization of an extracellular Ca²⁺ -sensing receptor from parathyroid and kidney: new insights into the physiology and pathophysiology of calcium metabolism". Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 1994. doi:10.1093/ndt/9.12.1703. ISSN 1460-2385.
^ Aida K, Koishi S, Tawata M, Onaya T (September 1995). "Molecular cloning of a putative Ca(2+)-sensing receptor cDNA from human kidney". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 214 (2): 524–529. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.2318. PMID 7677761.

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000036828 – Ensembl, May 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000051980 – Ensembl, May 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[5] Yano S, Brown EM, Chattopadhyay N (March 2004). "Calcium-sensing receptor in the brain". Cell Calcium. 35 (3): 257–264. doi:10.1016/j.ceca.2003.10.008. PMID 15200149.

[6] Giudice ML, Mihalik B, Dinnyés A, Kobolák J (July 2019). "The Nervous System Relevance of the Calcium Sensing Receptor in Health and Disease". Molecules. 24 (14): 2546. doi:10.3390/molecules24142546. PMC 6680999. PMID 31336912.

[pmid17117288-7] D'Souza-Li L (August 2006). "The calcium-sensing receptor and related diseases". Arquivos Brasileiros de Endocrinologia e Metabologia. 50 (4): 628–639. doi:10.1590/S0004-27302006000400008. PMID 17117288.

[8] Vezzoli G, Soldati L, Gambaro G (April 2009). "Roles of calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR) in renal mineral ion transport". Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology. 10 (3): 302–310. doi:10.2174/138920109787847475. PMID 19355940.

[9] Squires PE, Jones PM, Younis MY, Hills CE (2014-01-01). Litwack G (ed.). "The calcium-sensing receptor and β-cell function". Vitamins and Hormones. The Pancreatic Beta Cell. 95. Academic Press: 249–267. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-800174-5.00010-7. PMID 24559921.

[10] Brown EM, Pollak M, Riccardi D, Hebert SC (1994). "Cloning and characterization of an extracellular Ca(2+)-sensing receptor from parathyroid and kidney: new insights into the physiology and pathophysiology of calcium metabolism". Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation. 9 (12): 1703–1706. PMID 7708247.

[11] "Cloning and characterization of an extracellular Ca²⁺ -sensing receptor from parathyroid and kidney: new insights into the physiology and pathophysiology of calcium metabolism". Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation. 1994. doi:10.1093/ndt/9.12.1703. ISSN 1460-2385.

[12] Aida K, Koishi S, Tawata M, Onaya T (September 1995). "Molecular cloning of a putative Ca(2+)-sensing receptor cDNA from human kidney". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 214 (2): 524–529. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1995.2318. PMID 7677761.

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