Carcinoma in situ

Carcinoma *in situ*
Carcinoma in situ
Other names	in situ neoplasm
Specialty	Oncology

Carcinoma in situ (CIS) is a group of abnormal cells.^[1]^[2] While they are a form of neoplasm,^[3] there is disagreement over whether CIS should be classified as cancer. This controversy also depends on the exact CIS in question (i.e. cervical, skin, breast). Some authors do not classify them as cancer, however, recognizing that they can potentially become cancer.^[1] Others classify certain types as a non-invasive form of cancer.^[4]^[5] The term "pre-cancer" has also been used.

These abnormal cells grow in their normal place, thus "in situ" (from Latin for "in its place"). For example, carcinoma in situ of the skin, also called Bowen's disease, is the accumulation of dysplastic epidermal cells within the epidermis only, that has failed to penetrate into the deeper dermis. For this reason, CIS will usually not form a tumor. Rather, the lesion is flat (in the skin, cervix, etc.) or follows the existing architecture of the organ (in the breast, lung, etc.). Exceptions include CIS of the colon (polyps), the bladder (preinvasive papillary cancer), or the breast (ductal carcinoma in situ or lobular carcinoma in situ).

Many forms of CIS have a high probability of progression into cancer,^[6] and therefore removal may be recommended; however, progression of CIS is known to be highly variable and not all CIS becomes invasive cancer.

In the TNM classification, carcinoma in situ is reported as TisN0M0 (stage 0).^[7]

^ ^a ^b Chang A (2007). Oncology: An Evidence-Based Approach. Springer. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-387-31056-5.
^ "II Neoplams". World Health Organization. Retrieved 19 June 2014.
^ World Health Organization (2004). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (10. rev., 2. ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. p. 38. ISBN 9789241546492.
^ Myers JA, Millikan KW, Saclarides TJ (2008). Common surgical diseases an algorithmic approach to problem solving (2nd rev. ed.). New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-75246-4.
^ Allred DC (2010). "Ductal carcinoma in situ: terminology, classification, and natural history". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. 2010 (41): 134–138. doi:10.1093/jncimonographs/lgq035. PMC 5161057. PMID 20956817.
^ Ridge JA, Glisson BS, Lango MN, et al. "Head and Neck Tumors" Archived 2009-07-20 at the Wayback Machine in Pazdur R, Wagman LD, Camphausen KA, Hoskins WJ (Eds) Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach Archived 2013-10-04 at the Wayback Machine. 11 ed. 2008.
^ "Cancer Staging Fact Sheet". National Cancer Institute. Retrieved June 24, 2014.

[Chang2007-1] Chang A (2007). Oncology: An Evidence-Based Approach. Springer. p. 162. ISBN 978-0-387-31056-5.

[2] "II Neoplams". World Health Organization. Retrieved 19 June 2014.

[3] World Health Organization (2004). International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems (10. rev., 2. ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization. p. 38. ISBN 9789241546492.

[4] Myers JA, Millikan KW, Saclarides TJ (2008). Common surgical diseases an algorithmic approach to problem solving (2nd rev. ed.). New York: Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-75246-4.

[5] Allred DC (2010). "Ductal carcinoma in situ: terminology, classification, and natural history". Journal of the National Cancer Institute. Monographs. 2010 (41): 134–138. doi:10.1093/jncimonographs/lgq035. PMC 5161057. PMID 20956817.

[6] Ridge JA, Glisson BS, Lango MN, et al. "Head and Neck Tumors" Archived 2009-07-20 at the Wayback Machine in Pazdur R, Wagman LD, Camphausen KA, Hoskins WJ (Eds) Cancer Management: A Multidisciplinary Approach Archived 2013-10-04 at the Wayback Machine. 11 ed. 2008.

[7] "Cancer Staging Fact Sheet". National Cancer Institute. Retrieved June 24, 2014.

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