Cardueae

Cardueae
	Artichoke flower head
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Asterales
Family:	Asteraceae
Subfamily:	Carduoideae
Tribe:	Cardueae; Cass. (1819)
Subtribes
	Cardopatiinae; Carduinae; Carlininae; Centaureinae; Echinopsidinae
Synonyms
	Cynareae Less., nom. superfl.; Cynarocephalae Lam. & DC., nom. inval.;

The Cardueae are a tribe of flowering plants in the daisy family (Asteraceae) and the subfamily Carduoideae.^[5] Most of them are commonly known as thistles;^[6] four of the best known genera are Carduus,^[7] Cynara (containing the widely eaten artichoke), Cirsium,^[7] and Onopordum.^[7]

They are annual, biennial, or perennial herbs. Many species are thorny on leaves, stems, or involucre, and some have laticifers or resin conduits. Almost 80 genera comprising 2500 species are assigned to this tribe,^[8] native of temperate regions of Europe and Asia (especially the Mediterranean region and Minor Asia), Australia and tropical Africa; only three^[9] genera contain species native to the Americas.^[10]

^ ^a ^b Compositae Working Group (CWG), "Cardueae Cass.", Global Compositae Database, retrieved 2023-05-12
^ ^a ^b "trib. Cynareae Less." The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2023-05-12.
^ Susanna, Alfonso.; Garcia-Jacas, Núria; Hidalgo, Oriane; Vilatersana, Roser; Garnatje, Teresa (2006). "THE CARDUEAE (COMPOSITAE) REVISITED: INSIGHTS FROM ITS, trnL-trnF, AND matK NUCLEAR AND CHLOROPLAST DNA ANALYSIS1, 2" (PDF). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 93: 150–171. doi:10.3417/0026-6493(2006)93[150:TCCRIF]2.0.CO;2. hdl:10261/29764.
^ Cite error: The named reference IPNI_60442594-2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference PaneroFunk was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ "Cardueae". Tree of Life webproject. Retrieved 2012-10-31.
^ ^a ^b ^c "thistle". Merriam-Webster's online dictionary. Retrieved 2007-11-30.
^ Dittrich, 1977, The Biology and Chemistry of the Compositae 2:1017-1038
^ "Cirsium". Flora of North America.
^ Bremer 1994 Asteraceae: Cladistic and Classification [Tribe Carduae: 112-156]

[CWG_1074882-1] Compositae Working Group (CWG), "Cardueae Cass.", Global Compositae Database, retrieved 2023-05-12

[IPNI_60442638-2-2] "trib. Cynareae Less." The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 2023-05-12.

[3] Susanna, Alfonso.; Garcia-Jacas, Núria; Hidalgo, Oriane; Vilatersana, Roser; Garnatje, Teresa (2006). "THE CARDUEAE (COMPOSITAE) REVISITED: INSIGHTS FROM ITS, trnL-trnF, AND matK NUCLEAR AND CHLOROPLAST DNA ANALYSIS1, 2" (PDF). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 93: 150–171. doi:10.3417/0026-6493(2006)93[150:TCCRIF]2.0.CO;2. hdl:10261/29764.

[IPNI_60442594-2-4] Cite error: The named reference IPNI_60442594-2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[PaneroFunk-5] Cite error: The named reference PaneroFunk was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[6] "Cardueae". Tree of Life webproject. Retrieved 2012-10-31.

[mw-7] "thistle". Merriam-Webster's online dictionary. Retrieved 2007-11-30.

[8] Dittrich, 1977, The Biology and Chemistry of the Compositae 2:1017-1038

[9] "Cirsium". Flora of North America.

[10] Bremer 1994 Asteraceae: Cladistic and Classification [Tribe Carduae: 112-156]

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