Carl Friedrich Gauss

Carl Friedrich Gauss
Portrait by Christian Albrecht Jensen, 1840 (copy from Gottlieb Biermann, 1887)[1]
Born	Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-04-30)30 April 1777 Brunswick, Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Holy Roman Empire
Died	23 February 1855(1855-02-23) (aged 77) Göttingen, Kingdom of Hanover, German Confederation
Alma mater	Collegium Carolinum University of Göttingen University of Helmstedt (PhD)
Known for	Full list
Spouses	Johanna Osthoff ​ ​ (m. 1805; died 1809)​ Minna Waldeck ​ ​ (m. 1810; died 1831)​
Children	6
Awards	Lalande Prize (1809) Copley Medal (1838)
Scientific career
Fields	Mathematics, Astronomy, Geodesy, Magnetism
Institutions	University of Göttingen
Thesis	Demonstratio nova... (1799)
Doctoral advisor	Johann Friedrich Pfaff
Doctoral students	Richard Dedekind Christian Ludwig Gerling Wilhelm Klinkerfues Johann Benedict Listing Bernhard Riemann August Ritter Karl von Staudt
Other notable students	Gotthold Eisenstein Johann Franz Encke Carl Wolfgang Benjamin Goldschmidt Adolph Theodor Kupffer August Ferdinand Möbius Moritz Stern Georg Frederik Ursin Moritz Ludwig Wichmann
Signature

Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss (/ɡaʊs/ ^ⓘ;^[2] German: Gauß [kaʁl ˈfʁiːdʁɪç ˈɡaʊs] ^ⓘ;^[3][4] Latin: Carolus Fridericus Gauss; 30 April 1777 – 23 February 1855) was a German mathematician, astronomer, geodesist, and physicist, who contributed to many fields in mathematics and science, and has been called "the prince of mathematics" and "the greatest mathematician who ever lived".^[5][6] He was director of the Göttingen Observatory and professor of astronomy from 1807 until his death in 1855.

While studying at the University of Göttingen, he propounded several mathematical theorems. As an independent scholar, he wrote the masterpieces Disquisitiones Arithmeticae and Theoria motus corporum coelestium. Gauss produced the second and third complete proofs of the fundamental theorem of algebra. In number theory, he made numerous contributions, such as the composition law, the law of quadratic reciprocity and the Fermat polygonal number theorem. He also contributed to the theory of binary and ternary quadratic forms, the construction of the heptadecagon, and the theory of hypergeometric series. Due to Gauss' extensive and fundamental contributions to science and mathematics, more than 100 mathematical and scientific concepts are named after him.

Gauss was instrumental in the identification of Ceres as a dwarf planet. His work on the motion of planetoids disturbed by large planets led to the introduction of the Gaussian gravitational constant and the method of least squares, which he had discovered before Adrien-Marie Legendre published it. Gauss led the geodetic survey of the Kingdom of Hanover together with an arc measurement project from 1820 to 1844; he was one of the founders of geophysics and formulated the fundamental principles of magnetism. His practical work led to the invention of the heliotrope in 1821, a magnetometer in 1833 and – with Wilhelm Eduard Weber – the first electromagnetic telegraph in 1833.

Gauss was the first to discover and study non-Euclidean geometry, which he also named. He developed a fast Fourier transform some 160 years before John Tukey and James Cooley.

Gauss refused to publish incomplete work and left several works to be edited posthumously. He believed that the act of learning, not possession of knowledge, provided the greatest enjoyment. Gauss was not a committed or enthusiastic teacher, generally preferring to focus on his own work. Nevertheless, some of his students, such as Dedekind and Riemann, became well-known and influential mathematicians in their own right.