Casineria

Casineria; Temporal range: Early Carboniferous,
	The counterslab of the holotype fossil
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Clade:	Sarcopterygii
Clade:	Tetrapodomorpha
Clade:	Eotetrapodiformes
Clade:	Elpistostegalia
Clade:	Stegocephali
Genus:	†Casineria; Paton, Smithson & Clack, 1999
Type species
	†Casineria kiddi; Paton, Smithson & Clack, 1999

Casineria is an extinct genus of tetrapodomorph which lived about 340–334 million years ago in the Mississippian epoch of the Carboniferous period. Its generic name, Casineria, is a latinization of Cheese Bay, the site near Edinburgh, Scotland, where the holotype fossil was found.^[1] When originally described in 1999, it was identified as a transitional fossil noted for its mix of basal (amphibian-like) and advanced (reptile-like) characteristics, putting it at or very near the origin of the amniotes, the group containing all mammals, birds, modern reptiles, and other descendants of their reptile-like common ancestor. However, the sole known fossil is lacking key elements such as a skull, making exact analysis difficult.^[2] As a result, the classification of Casineria has been more controversial in analyses conducted since 1999. Other proposed affinities include a placement among the lepospondyls,^[3] seymouriamorphs,^[4] "gephyrostegids",^[5] or as a synonym of Caerorhachis, another controversial tetrapod which may have been an early temnospondyl.^[6]

^ Paton, R. L.; Smithson, T. R.; Clack, J. A. (8 April 1999). "An amniote-like skeleton from the Early Carboniferous of Scotland". Nature. 398 (6727): 508–513. Bibcode:1999Natur.398..508P. doi:10.1038/19071. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 204992355.
^ Monastersky, R. (1999): Out of the Swamps, How early vertebrates established a foothold—with all 10 toes—on land, Science News vol. 155, No. 21, p. 328
^ Clack, Jennifer A.; Witzmann, Florian; Müller, Johannes; Snyder, Daniel (2012-10-18). "A Colosteid-Like Early Tetrapod from the St. Louis Limestone (Early Carboniferous, Meramecian), St. Louis, Missouri, USA". Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences. 5: 17–39. doi:10.3158/2158-5520-5.1.17. ISSN 2158-5520. S2CID 129964161.
^ Clack, Jennifer A.; Bennett, Carys E.; Carpenter, David K.; Davies, Sarah J.; Fraser, Nicholas C.; Kearsey, Timothy I.; Marshall, John E. A.; Millward, David; Otoo, Benjamin K. A. (2016-12-05). "Phylogenetic and environmental context of a Tournaisian tetrapod fauna". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (1): 0002. doi:10.1038/s41559-016-0002. hdl:2381/40933. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 28812555. S2CID 22421017.
^ Marjanović, David; Laurin, Michel (2019-01-04). "Phylogeny of Paleozoic limbed vertebrates reassessed through revision and expansion of the largest published relevant data matrix". PeerJ. 6: e5565. doi:10.7717/peerj.5565. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6322490. PMID 30631641.
^ Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[:0-1] Paton, R. L.; Smithson, T. R.; Clack, J. A. (8 April 1999). "An amniote-like skeleton from the Early Carboniferous of Scotland". Nature. 398 (6727): 508–513. Bibcode:1999Natur.398..508P. doi:10.1038/19071. ISSN 0028-0836. S2CID 204992355.

[2] Monastersky, R. (1999): Out of the Swamps, How early vertebrates established a foothold—with all 10 toes—on land, Science News vol. 155, No. 21, p. 328

[:3-3] Clack, Jennifer A.; Witzmann, Florian; Müller, Johannes; Snyder, Daniel (2012-10-18). "A Colosteid-Like Early Tetrapod from the St. Louis Limestone (Early Carboniferous, Meramecian), St. Louis, Missouri, USA". Fieldiana Life and Earth Sciences. 5: 17–39. doi:10.3158/2158-5520-5.1.17. ISSN 2158-5520. S2CID 129964161.

[:4-4] Clack, Jennifer A.; Bennett, Carys E.; Carpenter, David K.; Davies, Sarah J.; Fraser, Nicholas C.; Kearsey, Timothy I.; Marshall, John E. A.; Millward, David; Otoo, Benjamin K. A. (2016-12-05). "Phylogenetic and environmental context of a Tournaisian tetrapod fauna". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 1 (1): 0002. doi:10.1038/s41559-016-0002. hdl:2381/40933. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 28812555. S2CID 22421017.

[:2-5] Marjanović, David; Laurin, Michel (2019-01-04). "Phylogeny of Paleozoic limbed vertebrates reassessed through revision and expansion of the largest published relevant data matrix". PeerJ. 6: e5565. doi:10.7717/peerj.5565. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 6322490. PMID 30631641.

[:1-6] Cite error: The named reference :1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]