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Christian views on divorce

Christian views on divorce find their basis both in biblical sources and in texts authored by the Church Fathers of the early Christian Church, who were unanimous in the teaching regarding the issue.[1]

According to the synoptic Gospels, Jesus emphasized the permanence of marriage (see Mark 10 at verses 1 to 12,[2] Matthew 19;[3] Luke 16:18)[4] but also its integrity. In the Gospel of Mark, Jesus says "Whosoever shall put away his wife, and marry another, committeth adultery against her. And if a woman shall put away her husband, and be married to another, she commits adultery."[5][6] The Gospel of Luke adds that those who marry divorced persons also commit adultery, as recorded in Luke 16;18.[7] 1 Corinthians 6:9–10[8] states that adulterers "shall not inherit the kingdom of God".[5] The only lawful ground for divorce available to the innocent spouse is fornication, or adultery, on the part of the guilty mate, as recorded in Matthew 19:9.[9] Nevertheless, The Shepherd of Hermas, an early Christian work on the subject, teaches that while fornication is the only reason that divorce can ever be permitted, remarriage with another person is forbidden to allow repentance and reconciliation of the husband and wife (those who refuse to forgive and receive their spouse are guilty of a grave sin).[1] This Christian teaching is echoed in 1 Corinthians 7:10–11,[10] which forbids divorce and states that those spouses who have deserted their husband/wife should return their partner; if that is absolutely impossible, the husband and wife should remain chaste.[1]

Both in the Gospel of Matthew and of Mark, Jesus remembers and quotes Genesis 1:27 ("male and female created He them"),[11] and Genesis 2:24 ("shall a man leave father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife: and they twaine shall be one flesh.").[12] Paul the Apostle concurred but added an exception, interpreted according to Roman Catholicism as the Pauline privilege; this interpretation of Paul's words teaches that in the case of a non-Christian couple (neither party has ever received the sacrament of baptism) where one of the parties converts to Christianity and receives the sacrament of baptism, that party is allowed to enter into a Christian marriage if and only if the non-Christian spouse departs.[13]

The Catholic Church does not prohibit civil divorce; however, a Catholic may not remarry after a civil divorce unless they have received an annulment (a finding that the marriage was not canonically valid) under a narrow set of circumstances.[14][15][16][17][18] The Eastern Orthodox Church permits divorce and remarriage in church in certain circumstances,[19] though its rules are generally more restrictive than the civil divorce rules of most countries. Most Protestant churches discourage divorce though the way divorce is addressed varies by denomination; for example, the United Church of Christ permits divorce and allows for the possibility of remarriage,[20] while denominations such as the Mennonite Christian Fellowship and Evangelical Methodist Church Conference forbid divorce except in the case of fornication and do not allow for the remarriage of divorced persons.[21][22]

With respect to Christian states, the Christian emperors Constantine and Theodosius restricted the grounds for divorce to grave cause, but this was relaxed by Justinian in the 6th century. After the fall of the empire, familial life was regulated more by ecclesiastical authority than civil authority.

  1. ^ a b c Taylor, Dean (24 November 2008). "05. Divorce and also Remarriage in the Early Church". Radical Reformation. Retrieved 30 August 2021.
  2. ^ Mark 10:11–12
  3. ^ Matthew 19:1–10
  4. ^ Luke 16:18
  5. ^ a b Mark L. Strauss (15 December 2009). Remarriage after Divorce in Today's Church. Zondervan. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-310-86375-5. Simply put, Jesus would be saying that everyone who remarries after any divorce commits adultery (Mark 10:11-12; Luke 16:18). If this is the case, then marriage must be indissoluble. If marriages are indissoluble, then remarried couples are living in adultery; i.e., every time they have marital relations, they are committing adultery. Since no one who habitually sins makes it into heaven (1 Cor. 6:9-10; my addition to Craig's points), either remarried couples must refrain from marital relations (separation from bed and board), as the church father Jerome required, or pastors should seek to break up second marriages.
  6. ^ e.g., Matthew 5:31–32, Matthew 19:3–9, Mark 10:2–12, Luke 16:18, see also Expounding of the Law#Divorce
  7. ^ Luke 16:18
  8. ^ 1 Corinthians 6:9–10
  9. ^ Matthew 19:9
  10. ^ 1 Corinthians 7:10–11
  11. ^ Genesis 1:27
  12. ^ Genesis 2:24
  13. ^ Karambai, Sebastian S. (2005). Ministers and Ministries in the Local Church: A Comprehensive Guide to Ecclesiastical Norms. The Bombay Saint Paul Society. p. 413. ISBN 978-81-7109-725-8. Three conditions are to be verified in order to apply the Pauline privilege in a marriage case: 1) The marriage must be a natural union between two non-baptized perons; 2) One of the partners receives baptism ... 3) The non-baptized partner refuses to live peacefully with the baptized partner and departs.
  14. ^ "Code of Canon Law - IntraText". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
  15. ^ "Code of Canon Law - IntraText". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
  16. ^ "Code of Canon Law - IntraText". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
  17. ^ "Code of Canon Law - IntraText". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
  18. ^ "Code of Canon Law - IntraText". www.vatican.va. Retrieved 2019-02-10.
  19. ^ See Timothy (now Archbishop Kalistos) Ware, The Orthodox Church
  20. ^ Bride's Book of Etiquette: Revised and Updated. Penguin. 31 December 2002. p. 194. ISBN 978-0-399-52866-8.
  21. ^ Anderson, Cory (2012). "Mennonite Christian Fellowship". Global Anabaptist Mennonite Encyclopedia. Retrieved 6 May 2022.
  22. ^ Evangelical Methodist Church Discipline. Evangelical Methodist Church Conference. 15 July 2017. pp. 22–21. The marriage contract is so sacred that we advise against seeking divorce on any grounds whatseover. Should any member seek divorce on any unscriptural grounds (Matt. 5:32 "But I say unto you, that whosoever shall put away his wife, saving for the cause of fornication, causeth her to commit adultery; and whosoever shall marry her that is divorced comitteth adultery."), and that well proven, he shall be summoned to appear at a meeting in the local church, with the general board working in co-operation with the local church board. If proven guilty of such offense, he shall be dismissed at once, and no longer considered a member of Evangelical Methodist Church. We advise against the remarriage of all divorced persons, as the scriptures declare in Romans 7:3a "...So then if, while her husband liveth, she be married to another man, she shall be called an adulteress." If any person becoming converted, and having such marital complications as mentioned above in the days of their sin and ignorance, it is our belief that God will and does forgive them; however, we shall not receive such persons into church membership, but with to extend to them the right hand of fellowship, promising the prayers of God's people. Should any pastor, knowingly or unknowingly, receive such persons that have been divorced and remarried into membership, such membership shall not be valid. Ministers are advised to have nothing to do with the re-marriage of persons divorced on any grounds. In the event any person is divorced by an unbelieving companion and shall remain in an unmarried state, retaining his or her Christian integrity, he or she shall not be dismissed or barred from church membership.

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