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Christina, Queen of Sweden

For other Swedish royalty named Christina, see Christina of Sweden (disambiguation).

Christina
Portrait by Sébastien Bourdon, who
exaggerated her eyes.[1]
Queen of Sweden
Reign16 November [O.S. 6 November] 1632
– 16 June [O.S. 6 June] 1654
Coronation20 October 1650
PredecessorGustav II Adolf
SuccessorCharles X Gustav
RegentAxel Oxenstierna (1632–1644)
Born18 December [O.S. 8 December] 1626
Tre Kronor Castle, Stockholm, Sweden
Died19 April 1689(1689-04-19) (aged 62)
Rome, Papal States
Burial22 June 1689
St. Peter's Basilica, Vatican City
Names
Christina Augusta or Christina Alexandra
HouseVasa
FatherGustav II Adolf of Sweden
MotherMaria Eleonora of Brandenburg
ReligionLutheran (1626–1654)
Catholic (1654–1689)
SignatureChristina's signature

Christina (Swedish: Kristina; 18 December [O.S. 8 December] 1626 – 19 April 1689) was a member of the House of Vasa, and the Queen of Sweden in her own right from 1632 until her abdication in 1654.[a] She succeeded her father Gustavus Adolphus upon his death at the Battle of Lützen in 1632, but began ruling the Swedish Empire when she reached the age of eighteen.[7]

The Swedish queen is remembered as one of the most erudite women of the 17th century.[8] She was fond of books, manuscripts, paintings, and sculptures. With her interest in religion, philosophy, mathematics, and alchemy, she attracted many scientists to Stockholm, wanting the city to become the "Athens of the North".[9][10] The Peace of Westphalia allowed her to establish an academy or university when and wherever she wanted.[11]

During the Torstenson War in 1644, she initiated the issuance of copper in lumps as sizable as fifteen kilograms to be used as currency. Christina's lavish spending habits pushed the state perilously close to bankruptcy, sparking public unrest due to the resulting financial difficulties. Christina argued for peace to end the Thirty Years' War and received indemnity.

Meanwhile, she caused a scandal when she decided not to marry,[12] and when she converted to Catholicism secretly in Brussels and publicly in Innsbruck. The "Minerva of the North" relinquished the throne to her cousin, and settled in Rome.[13]

Pope Alexander VII described Christina as "a queen without a realm, a Christian without faith, and a woman without shame."[12] Notwithstanding, she played a leading part in the theatrical and musical communities and protected many Baroque artists, composers, and musicians. Christina, who was the guest of five consecutive popes[14] and a symbol of the Counter-Reformation, is one of the few women buried in the Vatican Grottoes.

Her unconventional lifestyle and occasional adoption of masculine attire have been depicted in numerous novels, plays, operas, and films. In many biographies of Christina, her gender and cultural identity are pivotal themes.[15]

  1. ^ Popp, Nathan Alan (2010). Beneath the surface: The portraiture and visual rhetoric of Sweden's Queen Christina (MA thesis). University of Iowa. doi:10.17077/etd.8ii490wt.
  2. ^ J. Guinchard (1914). Sweden: Historical and statistical handbook. Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt & Söner. p. 188.
  3. ^ Stefan Donecker/Roland Steinacher (2009) Der König der Schweden, Goten und Vandalen. Königstitulatur und Vandalenrezeption im frühneuzeitlichen Schweden. In: Vergangenheit und Vergegenwärtigung. Frühes Mittelalter und europäische Erinnerungskultur. Ed. by Helmut Reimitz and Bernhard Zeller (= Forschungen zur Geschichte des Mittelalters 14; Wien 2009).
  4. ^ Stolpe 1974 pp. 142 & 145
  5. ^ Stefan Donecker/Roland Steinacher, Rex Vandalorum. The Debates on Wends and Vandals in Swedish Humanism as an Indicator for Early Modern Patterns of Ethnic Perception. In: Der Norden im Ausland – das Ausland im Norden. Formung und Transformation von Konzepten und Bildern des Anderen vom Mittelalter bis heute, ed. Sven Hakon Rossel (Wiener Studien zur Skandinavistik 15, Wien 2006) 242–252
  6. ^ A Journal of the Swedish Embassy in the Years 1653 and 1654, Vol II. by Whitlocke. 28 December 2005. Retrieved 10 July 2017 – via Project Gutenberg.
  7. ^ "Sweden". World Statesmen. Retrieved 19 January 2015.
  8. ^ Stephan, Ruth: Christina, Queen of Sweden. Britannica. Accessed December 10, 2018.
  9. ^ Hoskin, Dawn (18 December 2014). "Born on This Day: Queen Christina of Sweden". The V&A. Victoria and Albert Museum.
  10. ^ "Queen Christina of Sweden". Papal Artifacts. 8 May 2020.
  11. ^ "Instrumentum Pacis Osnabrugensis". 25 March 2014.
  12. ^ a b Lindsay, Ivan (2 June 2014). The History of Loot and Stolen Art: from Antiquity until the Present Day. Andrews UK Limited. ISBN 9781906509576. Retrieved 10 July 2017 – via Google Books.
  13. ^ Script from Clark.edu by Anita L. Fisher Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine
  14. ^ Hofmann, Paul (8 October 2002). The Vatican's Women: Female Influence at the Holy See. St. Martin's Press. p. 42. ISBN 9781429975476. Retrieved 10 July 2017 – via Internet Archive.
  15. ^ Zimmermann, Christian von (10 July 2017). Frauenbiographik: Lebensbeschreibungen und Porträts. Gunter Narr Verlag. ISBN 9783823361626. Retrieved 10 July 2017 – via Google Books.


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