Citizen, speak Turkish!

The Citizen, speak Turkish! (Turkish: Vatandaş, Türkçe konuş!) campaign was a Turkish government-funded initiative created by law students which aimed to put pressure on non-Turkish speakers to speak Turkish in public^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7] in the 1930s and onwards. In some municipalities, fines were given to those speaking in any language other than Turkish.^[4]^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12] The campaign has been considered by some authors as a significant contribution to Turkey's sociopolitical process of Turkification.^[1]^[2]^[9]

^ ^a ^b Kieser, Hans-Lukas, ed. (2006). Turkey beyond nationalism: towards post-nationalist identities ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). London [u.a.]: Tauris. p. 45. ISBN 9781845111410. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
^ ^a ^b Ertürk, Nergis (19 October 2011). Grammatology and literary modernity in Turkey. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199746682.
^ Toktas, Sule (2005). "Citizenship and Minorities: A Historical Overview of Turkey's Jewish Minority". Journal of Historical Sociology. 18 (4): 394–429. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6443.2005.00262.x. S2CID 59138386. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
^ ^a ^b Sofos, Umut Özkırımlı; Spyros A. (2008). Tormented by history: nationalism in Greece and Turkey. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 167. ISBN 9780231700528.
^ Bozdoǧan, Sibel; Gülru Necipoğlu; Julia Bailey, eds. (2007). Muqarnas : an annual on the visual culture of the Islamic world. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004163201.
^ Aslan, Senem (April 2007). ""Citizen, Speak Turkish!": A Nation in the Making". Nationalism and Ethnic Politics. 13 (2). Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group: 245–272. doi:10.1080/13537110701293500. S2CID 144367148.
^ Goçek, Fatma Müge; Naimark, Norman M. (23 February 2011). Suny, Ronald Grigor (ed.). A question of genocide : Armenians and Turks at the end of the Ottoman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195393743.
^ Soner, Çağaptay (2006). Otuzlarda Türk Milliyetçiliğinde Irk, Dil ve Etnisite (in Turkish). Istanbul. pp. 25–26.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ ^a ^b Bali, Rifat N. (1999). Cumhuriyet yıllarında Türkiye Yahudileri bir türkleştirme serüveni ; (1923 - 1945) (in Turkish) (7 ed.). İstanbul: İletişim. pp. 137–147. ISBN 9789754707632.
^ İnce, Başak (15 June 2012). Citizenship and identity in Turkey : from Atatürk's republic to the present day. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 61. ISBN 9781780760261. Retrieved 8 January 2013.
^ Clark, Bruce (2006). Twice a stranger : the mass expulsion that forged modern Greece and Turkey. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674023680.
^ Ferhad Ibrahim, ed. (2000). The Kurdish conflict in Turkey : obstacles and chances for peace and democracy. Münster: Lit [u.a.] ISBN 9780312236298.

[Turkey_beyond_nationalism:_towards_post-nationalist_identities-1] Kieser, Hans-Lukas, ed. (2006). Turkey beyond nationalism: towards post-nationalist identities ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). London [u.a.]: Tauris. p. 45. ISBN 9781845111410. Retrieved 7 January 2013.

[Grammatology_and_literary_modernity_in_Turkey-2] Ertürk, Nergis (19 October 2011). Grammatology and literary modernity in Turkey. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199746682.

[Citizenship_and_Minorities:_A_Historical_Overview_of_Turkey’s_Jewish_Minority-3] Toktas, Sule (2005). "Citizenship and Minorities: A Historical Overview of Turkey's Jewish Minority". Journal of Historical Sociology. 18 (4): 394–429. doi:10.1111/j.1467-6443.2005.00262.x. S2CID 59138386. Retrieved 7 January 2013.

[Tormented_by_history:_nationalism_in_Greece_and_Turkey-4] Sofos, Umut Özkırımlı; Spyros A. (2008). Tormented by history: nationalism in Greece and Turkey. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 167. ISBN 9780231700528.

[5] Bozdoǧan, Sibel; Gülru Necipoğlu; Julia Bailey, eds. (2007). Muqarnas : an annual on the visual culture of the Islamic world. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 9789004163201.

[6] Aslan, Senem (April 2007). ""Citizen, Speak Turkish!": A Nation in the Making". Nationalism and Ethnic Politics. 13 (2). Routledge, part of the Taylor & Francis Group: 245–272. doi:10.1080/13537110701293500. S2CID 144367148.

[7] Goçek, Fatma Müge; Naimark, Norman M. (23 February 2011). Suny, Ronald Grigor (ed.). A question of genocide : Armenians and Turks at the end of the Ottoman Empire. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195393743.

[Otuzlarda_Türk_Milliyetçiliğinde_Irk,_Dil_ve_Etnisite-8] Soner, Çağaptay (2006). Otuzlarda Türk Milliyetçiliğinde Irk, Dil ve Etnisite (in Turkish). Istanbul. pp. 25–26.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[Cumhuriyet_yıllarında_Türkiye_Yahudleri_bir_türkleştirme_serüveni_;_(1923_-_1945)-9] Bali, Rifat N. (1999). Cumhuriyet yıllarında Türkiye Yahudileri bir türkleştirme serüveni ; (1923 - 1945) (in Turkish) (7 ed.). İstanbul: İletişim. pp. 137–147. ISBN 9789754707632.

[Citizenship-10] İnce, Başak (15 June 2012). Citizenship and identity in Turkey : from Atatürk's republic to the present day. London: I.B. Tauris. p. 61. ISBN 9781780760261. Retrieved 8 January 2013.

[11] Clark, Bruce (2006). Twice a stranger : the mass expulsion that forged modern Greece and Turkey. Cambridge (Massachusetts): Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674023680.

[12] Ferhad Ibrahim, ed. (2000). The Kurdish conflict in Turkey : obstacles and chances for peace and democracy. Münster: Lit [u.a.] ISBN 9780312236298.

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