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Cod Wars

Not to be confused with the Cold War or the Hook and Cod wars.

The Cod Wars (Icelandic: Þorskastríðin; also known as Landhelgisstríðin, lit. 'The Coastal Wars'; German: Kabeljaukriege) were a series of 20th-century confrontations between the United Kingdom (with aid from West Germany) and Iceland about fishing rights in the North Atlantic. Each of the disputes ended with an Icelandic victory.[1][2]

Some Icelandic historians view the history of Iceland's struggle for control of its maritime resources in ten episodes, or ten cod wars.[3] Fishing boats from Britain have been sailing to waters near Iceland in search of their catch since the 14th century. Agreements struck during the 15th century started a centuries-long series of intermittent disputes between the two countries. Demand for seafood and consequent competition for fish stocks grew rapidly in the 19th century.

The modern disputes or wars began in 1952 after Iceland expanded its territorial waters from 3 to 4 nautical miles (7 kilometres) based on a decision by the International Court of Justice. The United Kingdom responded by banning Icelandic ships landing their fish in British ports.[4] In 1958, after a United Nations conference at which several countries sought to extend the limits of their territorial waters to 12 nmi (22 km) at which no agreement was reached, Iceland unilaterally expanded its territorial waters to this limit and banned foreign fleets from fishing in these waters. Britain refused to accept this decision.[5] This led to a modern series of confrontations with the United Kingdom and other western European countries that took place in three stages over 20 years: 1958–1961, 1972–73 and 1975–76. A threat of damage and danger to life was present, with British fishing boats escorted to the fishing grounds by the Royal Navy while the Icelandic Coast Guard attempted to chase them away and use long hawsers to cut nets from the British boats; ships from both sides suffered damage from ramming attacks.

Each confrontation concluded with an agreement favourable for Iceland. Iceland made threats it would withdraw from NATO, which would have forfeited NATO's access to most of the GIUK gap, a critical anti-submarine warfare chokepoint during the Cold War. In a NATO-brokered agreement in 1976, the United Kingdom accepted Iceland's establishment of a 12-nautical-mile (22 km) exclusive zone around its shores where only its own ships could fish and a 200-nautical-mile (370-kilometre) Icelandic fishery zone where other nations' fishing fleets needed Iceland's permission. The agreement brought to an end more than 500 years of unrestricted British fishing in these waters. As a result, British fishing communities lost access to rich areas and were devastated, with thousands of jobs lost.[6][7] The UK abandoned its "open seas" international fisheries policy and declared a similar 200-nautical-mile zone around its own waters. Since 1982, a 200-nautical-mile (370-kilometre) exclusive economic zone has been the international standard under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea.

The term "cod war" was coined by a British journalist in early September 1958.[8] None of the Cod Wars meet any of the common thresholds for a conventional war,[a] and they may more accurately be described as militarised interstate disputes.[10][11][12][13] There is only one confirmed death during the Cod Wars: an Icelandic engineer, who was accidentally killed in the Second Cod War while he was repairing damage on the Icelandic patrol boat Ægir after a collision with the British frigate Apollo. They collided on 29 August 1973.[14] A trawlerman from Grimsby was seriously wounded on 19 February 1976, hit by the loose cordage after an Icelandic gunboat cut his vessel's net.[15]

Several explanations for the Cod Wars have been put forward.[1][10] Recent studies have focused on the underlying economic, legal and strategic drivers for Iceland and the United Kingdom, as well as the domestic and international factors that contributed to the escalation of the dispute.[10][16] Lessons drawn from the Cod Wars have been applied to international relations theory.[10][16][17]

  1. ^ a b Habeeb, William (1988). "6". Power and Tactics in International Negotiations: How Weak Nations Bargain with Strong Nations. Johns Hopkins University Press.
  2. ^ Cook, Bernard A. (27 January 2014). Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. p. 605. ISBN 978-1-135-17932-8. Archived from the original on 23 July 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2020.
  3. ^ Þorsteinsson, Björn (1976). Tíu þorskastríð 1415–1976.
  4. ^ How Iceland Beat the British in the Four Cod Wars Archived 19 May 2022 at the Wayback Machine, Gastro Obscura, 21 June 2018
  5. ^ "Cabinet Papers: The Cod Wars". National Archives (UK). Archived from the original on 15 January 2020. Retrieved 5 December 2020.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference Guðmundsson2006 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Ledger, John (21 December 2015). "How the Cod War of 40 years ago left a Yorkshire community devastated". The Yorkshire Post. Archived from the original on 2 November 2016. Retrieved 13 January 2016.
  8. ^ Thór, Jón Th. (1995). British Trawlers and Iceland 1919–1976. University of Gothenburg. p. 182.
  9. ^ "From Iceland – Ask A Historian: Has Iceland Ever Been Involved in Any Wars Or Conflicts". The Reykjavik Grapevine. 14 July 2017. Archived from the original on 20 October 2020. Retrieved 17 October 2020.
  10. ^ a b c d Cite error: The named reference Steinsson2016 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  11. ^ Hellmann, Gunther; Herborth, Benjamin (1 July 2008). "Fishing in the mild West: democratic peace and militarised interstate disputes in the transatlantic community". Review of International Studies. 34 (3): 481–506. doi:10.1017/S0260210508008139. ISSN 1469-9044. S2CID 144997884.
  12. ^ Ireland, Michael J.; Gartner, Scott Sigmund (1 October 2001). "Time to Fight: Government Type and Conflict Initiation in Parliamentary Systems". The Journal of Conflict Resolution. 45 (5): 547–568. doi:10.1177/0022002701045005001. JSTOR 3176313. S2CID 154973439.
  13. ^ Prins, Brandon C.; Sprecher, Christopher (1 May 1999). "Institutional Constraints, Political Opposition, And Interstate Dispute Escalation: Evidence from Parliamentary Systems, 1946–89". Journal of Peace Research. 36 (3): 271–287. doi:10.1177/0022343399036003002. ISSN 0022-3433. S2CID 110394899.
  14. ^ Jóhannesson, Guðni Th. (2006). Þorskastríðin þrjú. p. 100.
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference auto1 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ a b Steinsson, Sverrir (2017). "Neoclassical Realism in the North Atlantic: Explaining Behaviors and Outcomes in the Cod Wars". Foreign Policy Analysis. 13 (3): 599–617. doi:10.1093/fpa/orw062. Archived from the original on 9 February 2020. Retrieved 21 December 2020.
  17. ^ Steinsson, Sverrir (6 June 2017). "Do liberal ties pacify? A study of the Cod Wars". Cooperation and Conflict. 53 (3): 339–355. doi:10.1177/0010836717712293. ISSN 0010-8367. S2CID 157673952.


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