In the course of learning a second language, learners will frequently encounter communication problems caused by a lack of linguistic resources. Communication strategies are strategies that learners use to overcome these problems in order to convey their intended meaning.[1] Strategies used may include paraphrasing, substitution, coining new words, switching to the first language, and asking for clarification.[2][3] These strategies, with the exception of switching languages, are also used by native speakers.[2]
The term communication strategy was introduced by Selinker in 1972,[4] and the first systematic analysis of communication strategies was made by Varadi in 1973.[5][6] There were various other studies in the 1970s, but the real boom in communication strategy scholarship came in the 1980s. This decade saw a flurry of papers describing and analyzing communication strategies, and saw Ellen Bialystok link communication strategies to her general theory of second-language acquisition.[6] There was more activity in the 1990s with a collection of papers by Kasper and Kellerman[7] and a review article by Dörnyei and Scott,[8] but there has been relatively little research on the subject since then.[6]
- ^ Richards & Schmidt 2009.
- ^ a b Ellis 1997, pp. 60–61.
- ^ VanPatten & Benati 2010, p. 73.
- ^ Selinker 1972.
- ^ Although it was written in 1973, it was published as Varadi 1980.
- ^ a b c Ellis 2008, pp. 501–502.
- ^ Kasper & Kellerman 1997.
- ^ Dörnyei & Scott 1997.
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