Complex post-traumatic stress disorder

Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD)
Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD)
Other names	Disorders of extreme stress not otherwise specified (DESNOS), enduring personality change after catastrophic experience (EPCACE)
Specialty	Psychiatry, clinical psychology
Symptoms	Hyperarousal, emotional over-stress, intrusive thoughts, emotional dysregulations, hypervigilance, negative self-beliefs, interpersonal difficulties, and also often attention difficulties, anxiety, depression, somatisation, dissociation.

Complex post-traumatic stress disorder (CPTSD, sometimes hyphenated C-PTSD) is a stress-related mental disorder generally occurring in response to complex traumas,^[1] i.e., commonly prolonged or repetitive exposures to a series of traumatic events, within which individuals perceive little or no chance to escape.^[2]^[3]^[4]

In the ICD-11 classification, C-PTSD is a category of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with three additional clusters of significant symptoms: emotional dysregulations, negative self-beliefs (e.g., feelings of shame, guilt, failure for wrong reasons), and interpersonal difficulties.^[5]^[6]^[3] Examples of C-PTSD's symptoms are prolonged feelings of terror, worthlessness, helplessness, distortions in identity or sense of self, and hypervigilance.^[5]^[6]^[3] C-PTSD's symptoms share some similarities with the observed symptoms in borderline personality disorder, dissociative identity disorder and somatization disorder.^[4]^[6]

^ Cite error: The named reference Cook2005 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Brewin (2020) was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ ^a ^b ^c World Health Organization (2022). "6B41 Complex post traumatic stress disorder". International Classification of Diseases, eleventh revision – ICD-11. Genova – icd.who.int.
^ ^a ^b Herman JL (30 May 1997). Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence—From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-08730-3. Retrieved 29 October 2012.
^ ^a ^b Brewin CR, Cloitre M, Hyland P, Shevlin M, Maercker A, Bryant RA, et al. (December 2017). "A review of current evidence regarding the ICD-11 proposals for diagnosing PTSD and complex PTSD" (PDF). Clinical Psychology Review. 58: 1–15. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.001. PMID 29029837. S2CID 4874961.
^ ^a ^b ^c Cloitre M (2020). "ICD-11 complex post-traumatic stress disorder: simplifying diagnosis in trauma populations". British Journal of Psychiatry. 216 (3): 129–131. doi:10.1192/bjp.2020.43. PMID 32345416. S2CID 213910628.

[Cook2005-1] Cite error: The named reference Cook2005 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Brewin_(2020)-2] Cite error: The named reference Brewin (2020) was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[ICD11-3] World Health Organization (2022). "6B41 Complex post traumatic stress disorder". International Classification of Diseases, eleventh revision – ICD-11. Genova – icd.who.int.

[TAR-4] Herman JL (30 May 1997). Trauma and Recovery: The Aftermath of Violence—From Domestic Abuse to Political Terror. Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-465-08730-3. Retrieved 29 October 2012.

[Brewin_et_al._(2017)-5] Brewin CR, Cloitre M, Hyland P, Shevlin M, Maercker A, Bryant RA, et al. (December 2017). "A review of current evidence regarding the ICD-11 proposals for diagnosing PTSD and complex PTSD" (PDF). Clinical Psychology Review. 58: 1–15. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2017.09.001. PMID 29029837. S2CID 4874961.

[Cloitre_(2020)-6] Cloitre M (2020). "ICD-11 complex post-traumatic stress disorder: simplifying diagnosis in trauma populations". British Journal of Psychiatry. 216 (3): 129–131. doi:10.1192/bjp.2020.43. PMID 32345416. S2CID 213910628.

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