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Conservative Party (UK)

Conservative and Unionist Party
LeaderRishi Sunak
Lords LeaderThe Lord True
Chief Whips
ChairmanRichard Fuller (Interim)
Chief ExecutiveStephen Massey[1]
Founded
  • 1834 (1834) (original form)
  • 9 May 1912 (1912-05-09) (current form)
Merger of
Preceded byTories
HeadquartersConservative Campaign Headquarters
4 Matthew Parker Street, London SW1H 9HQ
Youth wingYoung Conservatives[2]
Women's wingConservative Women's Organisation
Overseas wingConservatives Abroad
LGBT wingLGBT+ Conservatives
Membership (2022)172,437[3]
Ideology
Political positionCentre-right[15] to right-wing[16]
International affiliationInternational Democracy Union
Irish affiliation
Colours  Sky blue
SloganClear Plan, Bold Action, Secure Future (2024)
Governing bodyConservative Party Board
Devolved or semi-autonomous branches
Parliamentary party1922 Committee
House of Commons
121 / 650
House of Lords
274 / 774
Scottish Parliament
31 / 129
Senedd
16 / 60
Regional mayors[nb]
1 / 14
London Assembly
8 / 25
PCCs and PFCCs
19 / 37
Directly elected mayors
2 / 13
Councillors[nb][17]
5,116 / 18,766
Election symbol
Website
conservatives.com

The Conservative and Unionist Party, commonly the Conservative Party and colloquially known as the Tories,[18] is one of the two main political parties in the United Kingdom, along with the Labour Party. It has been the Official Opposition since being defeated in the 2024 general election. The party sits on the right-wing[16] to centre-right[12][13] of the political spectrum. It encompasses various ideological factions including one-nation conservatives, Thatcherites, and traditionalist conservatives. There have been twenty Conservative prime ministers.

The Conservative Party was founded in 1834 from the Tory Party and was one of two dominant political parties in the 19th century, along with the Liberal Party. Under Benjamin Disraeli, it played a preeminent role in politics at the height of the British Empire. In 1912, the Liberal Unionist Party merged with the party to form the Conservative and Unionist Party. Since the 1920s, the Labour Party emerged to be the Conservatives' main rival and the Conservative–Labour political rivalry has shaped modern British politics for the last century. Winston Churchill led the party during the Second World War. In 1975, Margaret Thatcher was elected leader and governed from 1979 until 1990, and her successor John Major governed until 1997. David Cameron sought to modernise the Conservatives after his election as leader in 2005, and the party governed from 2010 to 2024 under five prime ministers, latterly Rishi Sunak.

The party has generally adopted liberal economic policies favouring free markets, including deregulation, privatisation, and marketisation, since the 1980s, although historically it advocated for protectionism. The party is British unionist, opposing a united Ireland as well as Scottish and Welsh independence, and has been critical of devolution. Historically, the party supported the continuance and maintenance of the British Empire. The party has taken various approaches towards the European Union (EU), with eurosceptic and, to an increasingly lesser extent, pro-European factions within it. Historically, the party once took a socially conservative approach.[27][28] In defence policy, it supports an independent nuclear weapons programme and commitment to NATO membership. The party holds the Conservative Party Conference.

For much of modern British political history, the United Kingdom exhibited a wide urban–rural political divide;[29] the Conservative Party's voting and financial support base has historically consisted primarily of homeowners, business owners, farmers, real estate developers and middle class voters, especially in rural and suburban areas of England.[30][31][32][33][34] However, since the EU referendum in 2016, the Conservatives targeted working class voters from traditional Labour strongholds.[35][36][37][38] The Conservatives' domination of British politics throughout the 20th century, having governed for 65 nonconsecutive years, made it one of the most successful political parties in the Western world.[39][40][41][42] The most recent period of Conservative government was marked by extraordinary political turmoil.[43]

  1. ^ Croft, Ethan (11 November 2022). "Rishi Sunak donor gets top job with the Tories". Evening Standard. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
  2. ^ Wilkins, Jessica (17 March 2018). "Conservatives re-launch youth wing in a bid to take on Labour". PoliticsHome.com. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  3. ^ Wheeler, Brian (5 September 2022). "Tory membership figure revealed". BBC News. Retrieved 5 September 2022.
  4. ^ "Capping welfare and working to control immigration". Conservative and Unionist Party. Archived from the original on 9 June 2016. Retrieved 1 July 2016.
  5. ^ a b Nordsieck, Wolfram (2019). "United Kingdom". Parties and Elections in Europe. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 21 January 2020.
  6. ^ [4][5]
  7. ^ Bale, Tim (2011). The Conservative Party: From Thatcher to Cameron. p. 145.
  8. ^ [5][7]
  9. ^ David Dutton, "Unionist Politics and the aftermath of the General Election of 1906: A Reassessment." Historical Journal 22#4 (1979): 861–76.
  10. ^ McConnel, James (17 February 2011). "Irish Home Rule: An imagined future". BBC. Archived from the original on 4 August 2021. Retrieved 5 November 2021.
  11. ^ [9][10]
  12. ^ a b Falkenbach, Michelle; Greer, Scott (7 September 2021). The Populist Radical Right and Health
    National Policies and Global Trends    . Switzerland: Springer International Publishing. p. 143. ISBN 9783030707095.
  13. ^ a b James, William (1 October 2019). "Never mind the politics, get a Brexit deal done, says UK business". Reuters. Retrieved 21 September 2019.
  14. ^ Vries, Catherine; Hobolt, Sara; Proksch, Sven-Oliver; Slapin, Jonathan (2021). Foundations of European Politics A Comparative Approach. United Kingdom: Oxford University Press. p. 145. ISBN 9780198831303.
  15. ^ [12][13][14]
  16. ^ a b [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]
  17. ^ "Open Council Data UK". opencouncildata.co.uk.
  18. ^ Buchan, Lizzy (12 November 2018). "What does Tory mean and where does this term come from?". The Independent. Archived from the original on 9 July 2022. Retrieved 29 November 2023.
  19. ^ Saini, Rima; Bankole, Michael; Begum, Neema (April 2023). "The 2022 Conservative Leadership Campaign and Post-racial Gatekeeping". Race & Class: 1–20. doi:10.1177/03063968231164599. ...the Conservative Party's history in incorporating ethnic minorities, and the recent post-racial turn within the party whereby increasing party diversity has coincided with an increasing turn to the Right
  20. ^ Bale, Tim (March 2023). The Conservative Party After Brexit: Turmoil and Transformation. Cambridge: Polity. pp. 3–8, 291, et passim. ISBN 9781509546015. Retrieved 12 September 2023. [...] rather than the installation of a supposedly more 'technocratic' cabinet halting and even reversing any transformation on the part of the Conservative Party from a mainstream centre-right formation into an ersatz radical right-wing populist outfit, it could just as easily accelerate and accentuate it. Of course, radical right-wing populist parties are about more than migration and, indeed, culture wars more generally. Typically, they also put a premium on charismatic leadership and, if in office, on the rights of the executive over other branches of government and any intermediate institutions. And this is exactly what we have seen from the Conservative Party since 2019
  21. ^ de Geus, Roosmarijn A.; Shorrocks, Rosalind (2022). "Where Do Female Conservatives Stand? A Cross-National Analysis of the Issue Positions and Ideological Placement of Female Right-Wing Candidates". In Och, Malliga; Shames, Shauna; Cooperman, Rosalyn (eds.). Sell-Outs or Warriors for Change? A Comparative Look at Conservative Women in Politics in Democracies. Abingdon/New York: Routledge. pp. 1–29. ISBN 9781032346571. right-wing parties are also increasing the presence of women within their ranks. Prominent female European leaders include Theresa May (until recently) and Angela Merkel, from the right-wing Conservative Party in the UK and the Christian Democratic Party in Germany respectively. This article examines the extent to which women in right-wing parties are similar to their male colleagues, or whether they have a set of distinctive opinions on a range of issues
  22. ^ Alonso, José M.; Andrews, Rhys (September 2020). "Political Ideology and Social Services Contracting: Evidence from a Regression Discontinuity Design" (PDF). Public Administration Review. 80 (5). Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell: 743–754. doi:10.1111/puar.13177. S2CID 214198195. In particular, there is a clear partisan division between the main left-wing party (Labour) and political parties with pronounced pro-market preferences, such as the right-wing Conservative Party
  23. ^ Alzuabi, Raslan; Brown, Sarah; Taylor, Karl (October 2022). "Charitable behaviour and political affiliation: Evidence for the UK". Journal of Behavioral and Experimental Economics. 100. Amsterdam: Elsevier: 101917. doi:10.1016/j.socec.2022.101917. ...alignment to the Liberal Democrats (centre to left wing) and the Green Party (left wing) are positively associated with charitable behaviour at both the extensive and intensive margins, relative to being aligned with the right wing Conservative Party.
  24. ^ Oleart, Alvaro (2021). "Framing TTIP in the UK". Framing TTIP in the European Public Spheres: Towards an Empowering Dissensus for EU Integration. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 153–177. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53637-4_6. ISBN 978-3-030-53636-7. S2CID 229439399. the right-wing Conservative Party in government supported TTIP...This logic reproduced also a government-opposition dynamic, whereby the right-wing Conservative Party championed the agreement
  25. ^ Falk, Thomas (20 July 2022). "How a change in leadership could affect UK's Conservative Party". Al Jazeera English. London: Al Jazeera Media Network.
  26. ^ Walker, Peter (1 August 2022). "Righter than Right: Tories' Hardline Drift May Lose the Public". The Guardian. London. Archived from the original on 24 August 2022.
  27. ^ Hartley-Brewer, Julia (25 July 2000). "Section 28". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 11 February 2021. Retrieved 19 January 2021.
  28. ^ Special, Keep Sunday (12 June 2020). "Keep Sunday Special: Why Sunday trading regulations need to stay". Conservative Home. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  29. ^ "Europe-wide political divide emerging between cities and countryside – study". Bennett Institute for Public Policy. 16 August 2021. Archived from the original on 28 April 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  30. ^ "Why the UK has no clear party of business". theconversation.com. 10 December 2019. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  31. ^ "How Tory dominance is built on home ownership". New Statesman. 12 May 2021. Archived from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  32. ^ "Tories have unhealthy financial reliance on property developers, says report | Housing". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  33. ^ "Conservatives 'receive donations worth £17,500 a day from developers'". The Independent. 30 July 2021. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  34. ^ "Why some farmers are turning away from the Tories". BBC News. 25 May 2022. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
  35. ^ "Tories won more working class votes than Labour amid stark generation gap at general election, poll suggests". The Independent. 17 December 2019. Archived from the original on 16 August 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  36. ^ Mueller, Benjamin (13 December 2019). "How Labour's Working-Class Vote Crumbled and Its Nemesis Won the North". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 September 2020. Retrieved 21 August 2020.
  37. ^ Garcha, Ciara (3 April 2021). "The Conservatives' attack on the ECHR: A Long Time Coming". Cherwell. Archived from the original on 23 December 2021. Retrieved 31 May 2022.
  38. ^ "How the Tories became the party of the working class". The Independent. 22 October 2021. Archived from the original on 2 June 2022. Retrieved 2 June 2022.
  39. ^ Steve Coulter (10 April 2011). "Book Review: The Conservative Party from Thatcher to Cameron". Archived from the original on 15 August 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
  40. ^ Philip Johnston (19 April 2016). "The Conservative Party may be destroyed by this European madness". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on 23 June 2016. Retrieved 8 July 2016.
  41. ^ Andrew Gimson (15 May 2017). "Why the Tories keep winning". New Statesman. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
  42. ^ "The Sordid Story of the Most Successful Political Party in the World". The New Republic. 23 February 2021. ISSN 0028-6583. Retrieved 21 September 2023.
  43. ^ James, Liam; Middleton, Joe; Dalton, Jane (11 January 2023). "Boris Johnson's biggest scandals: a timeline". The Independent. Archived from the original on 4 July 2024. Retrieved 30 June 2024.

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