Constitution of Peru

Constitution of Peru
Official exemplar of the Constitution of Peru
Overview
Original title	Constitución Política de la República del Perú
Jurisdiction	Peru
Presented	December 29th 1993
Ratified	1993 Peruvian constitutional referendum 31 October 1993; 31 years ago (1993-10-31)
Date effective	1 January 1994; 31 years ago (1994-01-01)
System	Republic Unitary state Presidential system Ordoliberalism
Government structure
Branches	Three branches (Executive, Legislature and Judiciary) plus constitutionally autonomous organizations
Chambers	One (originally and until 2026)
Executive	President–led administration and their Cabinet of Ministers
Judiciary	Judiciary of Peru Supreme Judiciary Court of Peru Constitutional Court of Peru National Jury of Elections
History
Amendments	30 constitutional reformation laws (1995-2024)
Last amended	11 December 2024; 5 months ago (2024-12-11) (29th and 30th)
Author(s)	Democratic Constituent Congress
Signatories	President Alberto Fujimori (signature erased) Members of the Cabinet of Ministers Members of the Democratic Constituent Congress
Supersedes	Constitution of Peru (1979)
Constitución Política de la República del Perú at Spanish Wikisource

You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Spanish. (March 2009) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Spanish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Wikipedia article at [[:es:Historia constitucional de Perú]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|es|Historia constitucional de Perú}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation.

Politics of Peru
Constitution
Executive President of Peru Dina Boluarte Vice Presidents of Peru Vacant (1st) Vacant (2nd) Prime Minister of Peru Gustavo Adrianzén Cabinet Ministries
Legislature Congress of the Republic President Eduardo Salhuana
Judiciary Supreme Court of the Republic President Javier Arévalo Vela [es] Superior Courts of Justice Courts of First Instance Courts of Peace
Autonomies National Board of Justice Constitutional Court Public Ministry Office of the Public Defender (Ombudsman) Comptrollership General Financial superintendence (SBS) Central Reserve Bank
Elections Electoral system Electoral Processes (ONPE) Jury of Elections (JNE) National Registry (RENIEC)
Administrative divisions First level 24 departments, 1 constitutional province and 1 special regime province (25 regional governments and 1 Metropolitan Municipality) Second level 196 provinces (Provincial municipalities) Third level 1874 districts (District municipalities) Fourth level Populated centers of Peru
Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Elmer Schialer Diplomatic missions of / in Peru Nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa policy
Peru portal Other countries
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The Political Constitution of the Republic of Peru (Spanish: Constitución Política del Perú; Southern Quechua: Perú Suyu Hatun Kamay Pirwa 1993)^[1] is the supreme law of Peru. The current constitution, enacted on 31 December 1993, is Peru's fifth in the 20th century and replaced the 1979 Constitution.^[2] The Constitution was drafted by the Democratic Constituent Congress that was convened by President Alberto Fujimori during the Peruvian Constitutional Crisis of 1992 that followed his 1992 self-coup and dissolution of Congress, and was promulgated on 29 December 1993. A Democratic Constitutional Congress (CCD) was elected in 1992, and the final text was approved in a 1993 referendum. The Constitution was primarily created by Fujimori and supporters without the participation of any opposing entities.^[3]

The 1993 Constitution of Peru differed originally from the 1979 Constitution in that it gave greater power to the president. For example, it allowed for reelection, reduced the bicameral 240-member congress to a unicameral 120 Congress of the Republic,^[4] not only affirmed the president's power to veto found in the 1979 Constitution, but also gave him the power to use a line item veto, and mandated that all tax laws receive prior approval by the Ministry of Economics and Finance. While the Constitution of 1979 allowed the president to dissolve congress after congress censured prime ministers three times, the 1993 constitution allows the president to do so after only two censures. The Constitution allows the president to decree laws as long as they first informs the Congress of their intent to do so. If the president dissolves Congress, the Constitution gives them the power to rule until the election of a new Congress within a four-month timeline, during which time the Standing Committee of the dissolved Congress will remain functioning. Following the ouster of President Alberto Fujimori, the Constitution was amended to bar the president from immediate re-election, a status quo that had prevailed for most of the time since the Great Depression. Subsequent constitutional amendments, laws of Congress, and Constitutional Court rulings have further changed the rules of interaction among branches of government.

To December 2024, the current Constitution of Peru had been subject to 30 amendments since 1995, most of which had been approved by Congress supermajority votes, and just 3 of those amendments had been ratified by a 2018 referendum. Since the 2020 Peruvian protests, calls for the creation of a constituent assembly have been made in Peru,^[5] with the majority of Peruvians showing approval of a new constitution in 2023.^[6]