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| Contrails | |
|---|---|
A jet forming contrails in a blue sky | |
| Genus | Cirrus (curl of hair), cirrocumulus, or cirrostratus |
| Altitude | 7,500 to 12,000 m (25,000 to 40,000 ft) |
| Classification | Family A (High-level) |
| Appearance | Long bands |
| Precipitation | No |
Contrails (/ˈkɒntreɪlz/; short for "condensation trails") or vapor trails are line-shaped clouds produced by aircraft engine exhaust or changes in air pressure, typically at aircraft cruising altitudes several kilometres/miles above the Earth's surface. They are composed primarily of water, in the form of ice crystals. The combination of water vapor in aircraft engine exhaust and the low ambient temperatures at high altitudes causes the trails' formation. Impurities in the engine exhaust from the fuel, including soot and sulfur compounds (0.05% by weight in jet fuel) provide some of the particles that serve as cloud condensation nuclei for water droplet growth in the exhaust. If water droplets form, they can freeze to form ice particles that compose a contrail.[1] Their formation can also be triggered by changes in air pressure in wingtip vortices, or in the air over the entire wing surface.[2] Contrails, and other clouds caused directly by human activity, are called homogenitus.[3]
The vapor trails produced by rockets are referred to as "missile contrails"[4] or "rocket contrails." The water vapor and aerosol produced by rockets promote the "formation of ice clouds in ice supersaturated layers of the atmosphere."[5][6] Missile contrail clouds mainly comprise "metal oxide particles, high-temperature water vapor condensation particles, and other byproducts of engine combustion."[5]
Depending on the temperature and humidity at the altitude where the contrails form, they may be visible for only a few seconds or minutes, or may persist for hours and spread to be several kilometres/miles wide, eventually resembling natural cirrus or altocumulus clouds.[1] Persistent contrails are of particular interest to scientists because they increase the cloudiness of the atmosphere.[1] The resulting cloud forms are formally described as homomutatus,[3] and may resemble cirrus, cirrocumulus, or cirrostratus, and are sometimes called cirrus aviaticus.[7] Some persistent spreading contrails contribute to climate change.[8]
- ^ a b c "Aircraft Contrails Factsheet" (PDF). FAA.Gov. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 September 2006. Retrieved 10 September 2023.
- ^ "vapour trail". Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. Retrieved 17 April 2012.
- ^ a b Sutherland, Scott (23 March 2017). "Cloud Atlas leaps into 21st century with 12 new cloud types". The Weather Network. Pelmorex Media. Archived from the original on 31 May 2022. Retrieved 24 March 2017.
- ^ "The Russian Missile Contrail You May Have Missed During the Shutdown". earthobservatory.nasa.gov. NASA Earth Observatory. 17 October 2013. Archived from the original on 17 February 2025. Retrieved 28 February 2025.
- ^ a b Li, Chenshuo; Fu, Debin; Wei, Tianyu (21 February 2025). "Random walk dispersion model for missile contrail particles in cross-airspace environments". Defence Technology. doi:10.1016/j.dt.2025.02.015. ISSN 2214-9147.
- ^ Voigt, Ch.; Schumann, U.; Graf, K. (1 July 2016). "Contrail formation in the tropopause region caused by emissions from an Ariane 5 rocket". EUCASS Proceedings Series. 8: 183–196. doi:10.1051/eucass/201608183.
- ^ "Cirrus Aviaticus – Cirrus – Names of Clouds". namesofclouds.com. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
- ^ Timperley, Jocelyn. "The fastest ways aviation could cut emissions". www.bbc.com. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
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