Copper(II) sulfate

Copper(II) sulfate
	; Crystals of CuSO4·5H2O
	; Copper, Cu Sulfur, S Oxygen, O Hydrogen, H; Portion of the structure of the pentahydrate; (sulfate links Cu(H2O)2+4 centers)
	; Unit cell of the crystal structure of CuSO4·5H2O; with hydrogen bonds in black
Names
	IUPAC name Copper(II) sulfate
	Other names Cupric sulphate; Blue vitriol (pentahydrate); Bluestone (pentahydrate); Bonattite (trihydrate mineral); Boothite (heptahydrate mineral); Chalcanthite (pentahydrate mineral); Chalcocyanite (mineral); Copper Sulphate pentahydrate
Identifiers
CAS Number	7758-98-7 (anhydrous) ; 7758-99-8 (pentahydrate) ; 16448-28-5 (trihydrate) ; 19086-18-1 (heptahydrate) ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:23414 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL604 ;
ChemSpider	22870 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.028.952
EC Number	231-847-6;
Gmelin Reference	8294
KEGG	C18713 ;
PubChem CID	24462;
RTECS number	GL8800000 (anhydrous); GL8900000 (pentahydrate);
UNII	KUW2Q3U1VV (anhydrous) ; LRX7AJ16DT (pentahydrate) ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID6034479 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/Cu.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+2;/p-2 Key: ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L ; InChI=1/Cu.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+2;/p-2 Key: ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-NUQVWONBAI;
	SMILES [O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-].[Cu+2];
Properties
Chemical formula	CuSO4 (anhydrous); CuSO4·5H2O (pentahydrate)
Molar mass	159.60 g/mol (anhydrous); 249.685 g/mol (pentahydrate)
Appearance	gray-white (anhydrous); blue (pentahydrate)
Density	3.60 g/cm3 (anhydrous); 2.286 g/cm3 (pentahydrate)
Melting point	110 °C (230 °F; 383 K) decomposes 560 °C decomposes(pentahydrate) Fully decomposes at 590 °C (anhydrous)
Boiling point	decomposes to cupric oxide at 650 °C
Solubility in water	pentahydrate ; 316 g/L (0 °C) ; 2033 g/L (100 °C) anhydrous ; 168 g/L (10 °C) ; 201 g/L (20 °C) ; 404 g/L (60 °C) ; 770 g/L (100 °C)
Solubility	anhydrous; insoluble in ethanol pentahydrate; soluble in methanol; 10.4 g/L (18 °C); insoluble in ethanol and acetone
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	1330·10−6 cm3/mol
Refractive index (nD)	1.724–1.739 (anhydrous); 1.514–1.544 (pentahydrate)
Structure
Crystal structure	Orthorhombic (anhydrous, chalcocyanite), space group Pnma, oP24, a = 0.839 nm, b = 0.669 nm, c = 0.483 nm.; Triclinic (pentahydrate), space group P1, aP22, a = 0.5986 nm, b = 0.6141 nm, c = 1.0736 nm, α = 77.333°, β = 82.267°, γ = 72.567°
Thermochemistry
Std molar; entropy (S⦵298)	5 J/(K·mol)
Std enthalpy of; formation (ΔfH⦵298)	−769.98 kJ/mol
Pharmacology
ATC code	V03AB20 (WHO)
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	2 0 1
Flash point	Non-flammable
	Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD50 (median dose)	300 mg/kg (oral, rat) 87 mg/kg (oral, mouse)
	NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	TWA 1 mg/m3 (as Cu)
REL (Recommended)	TWA 1 mg/m3 (as Cu)
IDLH (Immediate danger)	TWA 100 mg/m3 (as Cu)
Safety data sheet (SDS)	anhydrous; pentahydrate
Related compounds
Other cations	Iron(II) sulfate; Manganese(II) sulfate; Nickel(II) sulfate; Zinc sulfate;
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Copper(II) sulfate is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula Cu SO₄. It forms hydrates CuSO₄·nH₂O, where n can range from 1 to 7. The pentahydrate (n = 5), a bright blue crystal, is the most commonly encountered hydrate of copper(II) sulfate,^[10] while its anhydrous form is white.^[11] Older names for the pentahydrate include blue vitriol, bluestone,^[12] vitriol of copper,^[13] and Roman vitriol.^[14] It exothermically dissolves in water to give the aquo complex [Cu(H₂O)₆]²⁺, which has octahedral molecular geometry. The structure of the solid pentahydrate reveals a polymeric structure wherein copper is again octahedral but bound to four water ligands. The Cu(II)(H₂O)₄ centers are interconnected by sulfate anions to form chains.^[15]

^ Varghese, J. N.; Maslen, E. N. (1985). "Electron density in non-ideal metal complexes. I. Copper sulphate pentahydrate". Acta Crystallogr. B. 41 (3): 184–190. doi:10.1107/S0108768185001914.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Haynes, p. 4.62
^ Rumble, John, ed. (2018). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (99th ed.). CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 5–179. ISBN 9781138561632.
^ Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C., eds. (2003). "Chalcocyanite" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. Vol. V. Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates. Chantilly, VA, US: Mineralogical Society of America. ISBN 978-0962209741.
^ Haynes, p. 10.240
^ Kokkoros, P. A.; Rentzeperis, P. J. (1958). "The crystal structure of the anhydrous sulphates of copper and zinc". Acta Crystallographica. 11 (5): 361–364. doi:10.1107/S0365110X58000955.
^ Bacon, G. E.; Titterton, D. H. (1975). "Neutron-diffraction studies of CuSO₄ · 5H₂O and CuSO₄ · 5D₂O". Z. Kristallogr. 141 (5–6): 330–341. Bibcode:1975ZK....141..330B. doi:10.1524/zkri.1975.141.5-6.330.
^ ^a ^b ^c NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0150". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
^ Cupric sulfate. US National Institutes of Health
^ Connor, Nick (2023-07-24). "Copper (II) Sulfate | Formula, Properties & Application". Material Properties. Retrieved 2024-02-03.
^ Foundation, In association with Nuffield. "A reversible reaction of hydrated copper(II) sulfate". RSC Education. Retrieved 2024-02-03.
^ "Copper (II) sulfate MSDS". Oxford University. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-12-31.
^ Antoine-François de Fourcroy, tr. by Robert Heron (1796) "Elements of Chemistry, and Natural History: To which is Prefixed the Philosophy of Chemistry". J. Murray and others, Edinburgh. Page 348.
^ Oxford University Press, "Roman vitriol", Oxford Living Dictionaries. Accessed on 2016-11-13
^ Ting, V. P.; Henry, P. F.; Schmidtmann, M.; Wilson, C. C.; Weller, M. T. (2009). "In situ neutron powder diffraction and structure determination in controlled humidities". Chem. Commun. 2009 (48): 7527–7529. doi:10.1039/B918702B. PMID 20024268.

[Varghese&Maslen-1] Varghese, J. N.; Maslen, E. N. (1985). "Electron density in non-ideal metal complexes. I. Copper sulphate pentahydrate". Acta Crystallogr. B. 41 (3): 184–190. doi:10.1107/S0108768185001914.

[b92-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Haynes, p. 4.62

[crc99-3] Rumble, John, ed. (2018). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (99th ed.). CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. pp. 5–179. ISBN 9781138561632.

[4] Anthony, John W.; Bideaux, Richard A.; Bladh, Kenneth W.; Nichols, Monte C., eds. (2003). "Chalcocyanite" (PDF). Handbook of Mineralogy. Vol. V. Borates, Carbonates, Sulfates. Chantilly, VA, US: Mineralogical Society of America. ISBN 978-0962209741.

[5] Haynes, p. 10.240

[6] Kokkoros, P. A.; Rentzeperis, P. J. (1958). "The crystal structure of the anhydrous sulphates of copper and zinc". Acta Crystallographica. 11 (5): 361–364. doi:10.1107/S0365110X58000955.

[7] Bacon, G. E.; Titterton, D. H. (1975). "Neutron-diffraction studies of CuSO₄ · 5H₂O and CuSO₄ · 5D₂O". Z. Kristallogr. 141 (5–6): 330–341. Bibcode:1975ZK....141..330B. doi:10.1524/zkri.1975.141.5-6.330.

[PGCH-8] NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. "#0150". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

[9] Cupric sulfate. US National Institutes of Health

[10] Connor, Nick (2023-07-24). "Copper (II) Sulfate | Formula, Properties & Application". Material Properties. Retrieved 2024-02-03.

[11] Foundation, In association with Nuffield. "A reversible reaction of hydrated copper(II) sulfate". RSC Education. Retrieved 2024-02-03.

[12] "Copper (II) sulfate MSDS". Oxford University. Archived from the original on 2007-10-11. Retrieved 2007-12-31.

[fou-13] Antoine-François de Fourcroy, tr. by Robert Heron (1796) "Elements of Chemistry, and Natural History: To which is Prefixed the Philosophy of Chemistry". J. Murray and others, Edinburgh. Page 348.

[oxdic-14] Oxford University Press, "Roman vitriol", Oxford Living Dictionaries. Accessed on 2016-11-13

[15] Ting, V. P.; Henry, P. F.; Schmidtmann, M.; Wilson, C. C.; Weller, M. T. (2009). "In situ neutron powder diffraction and structure determination in controlled humidities". Chem. Commun. 2009 (48): 7527–7529. doi:10.1039/B918702B. PMID 20024268.

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Names
Crystals of CuSO₄·5H₂O
Copper, Cu Sulfur, S Oxygen, O Hydrogen, H Portion of the structure of the pentahydrate (sulfate links Cu(H₂O)2+4 centers)
Unit cell of the crystal structure of CuSO₄·5H₂O with hydrogen bonds in black^[1]
IUPAC name Copper(II) sulfate
Other names Cupric sulphate Blue vitriol (pentahydrate) Bluestone (pentahydrate) Bonattite (trihydrate mineral) Boothite (heptahydrate mineral) Chalcanthite (pentahydrate mineral) Chalcocyanite (mineral) Copper Sulphate pentahydrate
Identifiers
CAS Number	7758-98-7 (anhydrous)^Y 7758-99-8 (pentahydrate)^Y 16448-28-5 (trihydrate)^N 19086-18-1 (heptahydrate)^N
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image
ChEBI	CHEBI:23414^Y
ChEMBL	ChEMBL604^Y
ChemSpider	22870^Y
ECHA InfoCard	100.028.952
EC Number	231-847-6
Gmelin Reference	8294
KEGG	C18713^Y
PubChem CID	24462
RTECS number	GL8800000 (anhydrous) GL8900000 (pentahydrate)
UNII	KUW2Q3U1VV (anhydrous)^Y LRX7AJ16DT (pentahydrate)^Y
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID6034479
InChI InChI=1S/Cu.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+2;/p-2^Y Key: ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-UHFFFAOYSA-L^Y InChI=1/Cu.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+2;/p-2 Key: ARUVKPQLZAKDPS-NUQVWONBAI
SMILES [O-]S(=O)(=O)[O-].[Cu+2]
Properties
Chemical formula	CuSO₄ (anhydrous) CuSO₄·5H₂O (pentahydrate)
Molar mass	159.60 g/mol (anhydrous)^[2] 249.685 g/mol (pentahydrate)^[2]
Appearance	gray-white (anhydrous) blue (pentahydrate)
Density	3.60 g/cm³ (anhydrous)^[2] 2.286 g/cm³ (pentahydrate)^[2]
Melting point	110 °C (230 °F; 383 K) decomposes 560 °C decomposes^[2](pentahydrate) Fully decomposes at 590 °C (anhydrous)
Boiling point	decomposes to cupric oxide at 650 °C
Solubility in water	pentahydrate 316 g/L (0 °C) 2033 g/L (100 °C) anhydrous 168 g/L (10 °C) 201 g/L (20 °C) 404 g/L (60 °C) 770 g/L (100 °C)^[3]
Solubility	anhydrous insoluble in ethanol^[2] pentahydrate soluble in methanol^[2] 10.4 g/L (18 °C) insoluble in ethanol and acetone
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	1330·10⁻⁶ cm³/mol
Refractive index (n_D)	1.724–1.739 (anhydrous)^[4] 1.514–1.544 (pentahydrate)^[5]
Structure
Crystal structure	Orthorhombic (anhydrous, chalcocyanite), space group Pnma, oP24, a = 0.839 nm, b = 0.669 nm, c = 0.483 nm.^[6] Triclinic (pentahydrate), space group P1, aP22, a = 0.5986 nm, b = 0.6141 nm, c = 1.0736 nm, α = 77.333°, β = 82.267°, γ = 72.567°^[7]
Thermochemistry
Std molar entropy (S^⦵₂₉₈)	5 J/(K·mol)
Std enthalpy of formation (Δ_fH^⦵₂₉₈)	−769.98 kJ/mol
Pharmacology
ATC code	V03AB20 (WHO)
Hazards
GHS labelling:
Pictograms
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	2 0 1
Flash point	Non-flammable
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
LD₅₀ (median dose)	300 mg/kg (oral, rat)^[9] 87 mg/kg (oral, mouse)
NIOSH (US health exposure limits):
PEL (Permissible)	TWA 1 mg/m³ (as Cu)^[8]
REL (Recommended)	TWA 1 mg/m³ (as Cu)^[8]
IDLH (Immediate danger)	TWA 100 mg/m³ (as Cu)^[8]
Safety data sheet (SDS)	anhydrous pentahydrate
Related compounds
Other cations	Iron(II) sulfate Manganese(II) sulfate Nickel(II) sulfate Zinc sulfate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). N verify (what is ^YN ?) Infobox references