Crowd simulation

Crowd simulation is the process of simulating the movement (or dynamics) of a large number of entities or characters.^[1] It is commonly used to create virtual scenes for visual media like films and video games, and is also used in crisis training,^[2] architecture and urban planning,^[3] and evacuation simulation.^[4]

Crowd simulation may focus on aspects that target different applications. For realistic and fast rendering of a crowd for visual media or virtual cinematography, reduction of the complexity of the 3D scene and image-based rendering are used,^[5] while variations (changes) in appearance help present a realistic population.^[6]^[7]

In games and applications intended to replicate real-life human crowd movement, like in evacuation simulations, simulated agents may need to navigate towards a goal, avoid collisions, and exhibit other human-like behavior. Many crowd steering algorithms have been developed to lead simulated crowds to their goals realistically. Some more general systems are researched that can support different kinds of agents (like cars and pedestrians),^[8] different levels of abstraction (like individual and continuum),^[9] agents interacting with smart objects,^[10] and more complex physical and social dynamics.^[11]

^ Thalmann, Daniel (2016). "Crowd Simulation". Encyclopedia of Computer Graphics and Games. pp. 1–8. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08234-9_69-1. ISBN 978-3-319-08234-9.
^ Comptdaer, Jérôme; Chiva, Emmanuel; Delorme, Stéphane; Morlaye, Henri; Volpoët, Jérôme (March 2007). Multi-scale behavioral models for urban crisis training simulation (PDF). 16th Conference on Behavior Representation in Modeling and Simulation 2007. p. 317. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-21.
^ Drettakis, George; Roussou, Maria; Reche, Alex; Tsingos, Nicolas (2007). "Design and Evaluation of a Real-World Virtual Environment for Architecture and Urban Planning" (PDF). Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments. 16 (3): 318–32. doi:10.1162/pres.16.3.318.
^ Gwynne, S.; Galea, E.R.; Owen, M.; Lawrence, P.J.; Filippidis, L. (1999). "A review of the methodologies used in the computer simulation of evacuation from the built environment". Building and Environment. 34 (6): 741–9. Bibcode:1999BuEnv..34..741G. doi:10.1016/S0360-1323(98)00057-2.
^ Tecchia, Franco; Loscos, Celine; Chrysanthou, Yiorgos (2002). "Visualizing Crowds in Real-Time". Computer Graphics Forum. 21 (4): 753–65. doi:10.1111/1467-8659.00633.
^ Thalmann, Daniel; Grillon, Helena; Maim, Jonathan; Yersin, Barbara (2009). "Challenges in Crowd Simulation". 2009 International Conference on CyberWorlds (PDF). pp. 1–12. doi:10.1109/CW.2009.23. ISBN 978-1-4244-4864-7.
^ Maim, J.; Yersin, B.; Thalmann, D. (2009). "Unique Character Instances for Crowds". IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications. 29 (6): 82–90. doi:10.1109/MCG.2009.129. PMID 24806782.
^ Chao, Qianwen; Deng, Zhigang; Jin, Xiaogang (2015). "Vehicle-pedestrian interaction for mixed traffic simulation". Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds. 26 (3–4): 405–12. doi:10.1002/cav.1654.
^ Sewall, Jason; Wilkie, David; Lin, Ming C. (2011). "Interactive hybrid simulation of large-scale traffic". ACM Transactions on Graphics. 30 (6): 1. doi:10.1145/2070781.2024169.
^ Kallmann, Marcelo; Thalmann, Daniel (1999). "Modeling Objects for Interaction Tasks". Computer Animation and Simulation '98. Eurographics. pp. 73–86. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-6375-7_6. ISBN 978-3-211-83257-8.
^ Pelechano, N.; Allbeck, J.M.; Badler, N.I. (2007). Controlling Individual Agents in High-Density Crowd Simulation. Eurographics/Siggraph Symposium on Computer Animation. doi:10.2312/SCA/SCA07/099-108. ISBN 978-3-905673-44-9.

[1] Thalmann, Daniel (2016). "Crowd Simulation". Encyclopedia of Computer Graphics and Games. pp. 1–8. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-08234-9_69-1. ISBN 978-3-319-08234-9.

[2] Comptdaer, Jérôme; Chiva, Emmanuel; Delorme, Stéphane; Morlaye, Henri; Volpoët, Jérôme (March 2007). Multi-scale behavioral models for urban crisis training simulation (PDF). 16th Conference on Behavior Representation in Modeling and Simulation 2007. p. 317. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-12-21.

[3] Drettakis, George; Roussou, Maria; Reche, Alex; Tsingos, Nicolas (2007). "Design and Evaluation of a Real-World Virtual Environment for Architecture and Urban Planning" (PDF). Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments. 16 (3): 318–32. doi:10.1162/pres.16.3.318.

[4] Gwynne, S.; Galea, E.R.; Owen, M.; Lawrence, P.J.; Filippidis, L. (1999). "A review of the methodologies used in the computer simulation of evacuation from the built environment". Building and Environment. 34 (6): 741–9. Bibcode:1999BuEnv..34..741G. doi:10.1016/S0360-1323(98)00057-2.

[5] Tecchia, Franco; Loscos, Celine; Chrysanthou, Yiorgos (2002). "Visualizing Crowds in Real-Time". Computer Graphics Forum. 21 (4): 753–65. doi:10.1111/1467-8659.00633.

[Thalmann_et_al_2009-6] Thalmann, Daniel; Grillon, Helena; Maim, Jonathan; Yersin, Barbara (2009). "Challenges in Crowd Simulation". 2009 International Conference on CyberWorlds (PDF). pp. 1–12. doi:10.1109/CW.2009.23. ISBN 978-1-4244-4864-7.

[Maim_et_al_2009-7] Maim, J.; Yersin, B.; Thalmann, D. (2009). "Unique Character Instances for Crowds". IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications. 29 (6): 82–90. doi:10.1109/MCG.2009.129. PMID 24806782.

[8] Chao, Qianwen; Deng, Zhigang; Jin, Xiaogang (2015). "Vehicle-pedestrian interaction for mixed traffic simulation". Computer Animation and Virtual Worlds. 26 (3–4): 405–12. doi:10.1002/cav.1654.

[9] Sewall, Jason; Wilkie, David; Lin, Ming C. (2011). "Interactive hybrid simulation of large-scale traffic". ACM Transactions on Graphics. 30 (6): 1. doi:10.1145/2070781.2024169.

[10] Kallmann, Marcelo; Thalmann, Daniel (1999). "Modeling Objects for Interaction Tasks". Computer Animation and Simulation '98. Eurographics. pp. 73–86. doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-6375-7_6. ISBN 978-3-211-83257-8.

[11] Pelechano, N.; Allbeck, J.M.; Badler, N.I. (2007). Controlling Individual Agents in High-Density Crowd Simulation. Eurographics/Siggraph Symposium on Computer Animation. doi:10.2312/SCA/SCA07/099-108. ISBN 978-3-905673-44-9.

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