Cultural imperialism

Cultural imperialism (also cultural colonialism) comprises the cultural dimensions of imperialism. The word "imperialism" describes practices in which a country engages culture (language, tradition, and ritual, politics, economics) to create and maintain unequal social and economic relationships among social groups. Cultural imperialism often uses wealth, media power and violence to implement the system of cultural hegemony that legitimizes imperialism.

Cultural imperialism may take various forms, such as an attitude, a formal policy, or military action—insofar as each of these reinforces the empire's cultural hegemony. Research on the topic occurs in scholarly disciplines, and is especially prevalent in communication and media studies,^[1]^[2]^[3] education,^[4] foreign policy,^[5] history,^[6] international relations,^[7] linguistics,^[8] literature,^[9] post-colonialism,^[10]^[11] science,^[12] sociology,^[13] social theory,^[14] environmentalism,^[15] and sports.^[16]

Cultural imperialism may be distinguished from the natural process of cultural diffusion. The spread of culture around the world is referred to as cultural globalization.

^ Schiller, Herbert I. (1992). Mass communications and American empire (2nd ed., updated ed.). Boulder: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-1439-9. OCLC 25874095.
^ Media imperialism : continuity and change. Oliver Boyd-Barrett, Tanner Mirrlees. Lanham, Maryland. 2020. ISBN 978-1-5381-2154-2. OCLC 1112788649.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Mirrlees, Tanner (2016). Hearts and mines : the US empire's culture industry. Vancouver. ISBN 978-0-7748-3014-0. OCLC 907657359.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Carnoy, Martin (1974). Education as cultural imperialism. New York: D. McKay Co. ISBN 0-679-30246-8. OCLC 934515.
^ Wagnleitner, Reinhold (1994). Coca-colonization and the Cold War : the cultural mission of the United States in Austria after the Second World War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-585-02898-2. OCLC 42329416.
^ Rydell, Robert W. (2013). Buffalo Bill in Bologna : the Americanization of the world, 1869-1922. Rob Kroes (Pbk. ed.). Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-00712-0. OCLC 806198432.
^ Davis, G. Doug (2019). Cultural imperialism and the decline of the liberal order : Russian and Western soft power in Eastern Europe. Michael O. Slobodchikoff. Lanham, Maryland. ISBN 978-1-4985-8586-6. OCLC 1050960744.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Phillipson, Robert (1992). Linguistic imperialism. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-437146-8. OCLC 30978070.
^ Cultures of United States imperialism. Amy Kaplan, Donald E. Pease. Durham: Duke University Press. 1993. ISBN 0-8223-1413-4. OCLC 28113815.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Said, Edward W. (1994). Culture and imperialism (1st Vintage books ed.). New York. ISBN 0-679-75054-1. OCLC 29600508.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Young, Robert (2003). Postcolonialism : a very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280182-1. OCLC 51001171.
^ Teresa A. Meade; Mark Walker, eds. (January 1991). Science, Medicine and Cultural Imperialism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-349-12447-3. OCLC 1017909068.
^ Cultural imperialism : essays on the political economy of cultural domination. Bernd Hamm, Russell Smandych. Peterborough, Ontario. 2005. ISBN 978-1-4426-0209-0. OCLC 180772881.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Tomlinson, John (1991). Cultural imperialism : a critical introduction. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-4249-2. OCLC 24142273.
^ Shah, Parth; Maitra, Vidisha (2005). Terracotta Reader: A Market Approach to the Environment. Academic Foundation. ISBN 978-81-7188-426-1.
^ Besnier, Niko; Brownell, Susan; Carter, Thomas F. (8 December 2017). Two. Sport, Colonialism, and Imperialism. University of California Press. doi:10.1525/9780520963818-005. ISBN 978-0-520-96381-8. S2CID 226765698.

[:1-1] Schiller, Herbert I. (1992). Mass communications and American empire (2nd ed., updated ed.). Boulder: Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-1439-9. OCLC 25874095.

[:2-2] Media imperialism : continuity and change. Oliver Boyd-Barrett, Tanner Mirrlees. Lanham, Maryland. 2020. ISBN 978-1-5381-2154-2. OCLC 1112788649.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)

[Mirrlees_2016-3] Mirrlees, Tanner (2016). Hearts and mines : the US empire's culture industry. Vancouver. ISBN 978-0-7748-3014-0. OCLC 907657359.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[4] Carnoy, Martin (1974). Education as cultural imperialism. New York: D. McKay Co. ISBN 0-679-30246-8. OCLC 934515.

[5] Wagnleitner, Reinhold (1994). Coca-colonization and the Cold War : the cultural mission of the United States in Austria after the Second World War. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-585-02898-2. OCLC 42329416.

[6] Rydell, Robert W. (2013). Buffalo Bill in Bologna : the Americanization of the world, 1869-1922. Rob Kroes (Pbk. ed.). Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-00712-0. OCLC 806198432.

[7] Davis, G. Doug (2019). Cultural imperialism and the decline of the liberal order : Russian and Western soft power in Eastern Europe. Michael O. Slobodchikoff. Lanham, Maryland. ISBN 978-1-4985-8586-6. OCLC 1050960744.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[8] Phillipson, Robert (1992). Linguistic imperialism. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-437146-8. OCLC 30978070.

[9] Cultures of United States imperialism. Amy Kaplan, Donald E. Pease. Durham: Duke University Press. 1993. ISBN 0-8223-1413-4. OCLC 28113815.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)

[10] Said, Edward W. (1994). Culture and imperialism (1st Vintage books ed.). New York. ISBN 0-679-75054-1. OCLC 29600508.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[11] Young, Robert (2003). Postcolonialism : a very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280182-1. OCLC 51001171.

[12] Teresa A. Meade; Mark Walker, eds. (January 1991). Science, Medicine and Cultural Imperialism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-349-12447-3. OCLC 1017909068.

[13] Cultural imperialism : essays on the political economy of cultural domination. Bernd Hamm, Russell Smandych. Peterborough, Ontario. 2005. ISBN 978-1-4426-0209-0. OCLC 180772881.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) CS1 maint: others (link)

[:0-14] Tomlinson, John (1991). Cultural imperialism : a critical introduction. Baltimore, Md.: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-4249-2. OCLC 24142273.

[15] Shah, Parth; Maitra, Vidisha (2005). Terracotta Reader: A Market Approach to the Environment. Academic Foundation. ISBN 978-81-7188-426-1.

[16] Besnier, Niko; Brownell, Susan; Carter, Thomas F. (8 December 2017). Two. Sport, Colonialism, and Imperialism. University of California Press. doi:10.1525/9780520963818-005. ISBN 978-0-520-96381-8. S2CID 226765698.

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