Cyberstalking

Cyberstalking is the use of the Internet or other electronic means to stalk or harass an individual, group, or organization.^[1]^[2] It may include false accusations, defamation, slander and libel. It may also include monitoring, identity theft, threats, vandalism, solicitation for sex, doxing, or blackmail.^[1] These unwanted behaviors are perpetrated online and cause intrusion into an individual's digital life as well as negatively impact a victim's mental and emotional well-being, as well as their sense of safety and security online. ^[3]

Cyberstalking is often accompanied by realtime or offline stalking.^[4] In many jurisdictions, such as California, both are criminal offenses.^[5] Both are motivated by a desire to control, intimidate or influence a victim.^[6] A stalker may be an online stranger or a person whom the target knows. They may be anonymous and solicit involvement of other people online who do not even know the target.^[7]

Cyberstalking is a criminal offense under various state anti-stalking, slander and harassment laws. A conviction can result in a restraining order, probation, or criminal penalties against the assailant, including jail.

^ ^a ^b "Cyberstalking". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2016-06-14. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
^ Reyns, Bradford W.; Henson, Billy; Fisher, Bonnie S. (2011-09-21). "Being Pursued Online: Applying Cyberlifestyle–Routine Activities Theory to Cyberstalking Victimization". Criminal Justice and Behavior. 38 (11): 1149–1169. doi:10.1177/0093854811421448. ISSN 0093-8548. S2CID 143775040.
^ Wilson, Chanelle; Sheridan, Lorraine; Garratt-Reed, David (2021). "What is Cyberstalking? A Review of Measurements". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 37 (11–12): NP9763 – NP9783. doi:10.1177/0886260520985489. ISSN 0886-2605.
^ Spitzberg, Brian H.; Hoobler, Gregory (February 2002). "Cyberstalking and the technologies of interpersonal terrorism" (PDF). New Media & Society. 1. 4: 71–92. doi:10.1177/14614440222226271. S2CID 27102356. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2011.
^ Smith, Kevin (2 September 2016). "Tougher California laws protect victims of digital harassment". San Gabriel Valley Tribune. Retrieved 3 July 2017.
^ Cyberstalking Crime research
^ "Cyberstalkers: Tools, Tactics and Threats". United States Cybersecurity Magazine. 2018-10-18. Retrieved 2021-09-04.

[oxford-1] "Cyberstalking". Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 2016-06-14. Retrieved 2013-12-10.

[2] Reyns, Bradford W.; Henson, Billy; Fisher, Bonnie S. (2011-09-21). "Being Pursued Online: Applying Cyberlifestyle–Routine Activities Theory to Cyberstalking Victimization". Criminal Justice and Behavior. 38 (11): 1149–1169. doi:10.1177/0093854811421448. ISSN 0093-8548. S2CID 143775040.

[3] Wilson, Chanelle; Sheridan, Lorraine; Garratt-Reed, David (2021). "What is Cyberstalking? A Review of Measurements". Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 37 (11–12): NP9763 – NP9783. doi:10.1177/0886260520985489. ISSN 0886-2605.

[gregorystalk-4] Spitzberg, Brian H.; Hoobler, Gregory (February 2002). "Cyberstalking and the technologies of interpersonal terrorism" (PDF). New Media & Society. 1. 4: 71–92. doi:10.1177/14614440222226271. S2CID 27102356. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 January 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2011.

[digharass-5] Smith, Kevin (2 September 2016). "Tougher California laws protect victims of digital harassment". San Gabriel Valley Tribune. Retrieved 3 July 2017.

[6] Cyberstalking Crime research

[7] "Cyberstalkers: Tools, Tactics and Threats". United States Cybersecurity Magazine. 2018-10-18. Retrieved 2021-09-04.

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