Damascus steel (Arabic: فولاذ دمشقي) is the forged steel of the blades of swords smithed in the Near East from ingots of carbon steel imported from Southern India or made in production centers in Sri Lanka.[1] or Khorasan, Iran.[2] There is now a general agreement that the Damascus steel which made its way into the western world through the crusades was produced in India rather than in Damascus.[3] These swords are characterized by distinctive patterns of banding and mottling reminiscent of flowing water, sometimes in a "ladder" or "rose" pattern. Such blades were reputed to be tough, resistant to shattering, and capable of being honed to a sharp, resilient edge.[4]
Wootz (Indian), Pulad (Persian), Fuladh (Arabic), Bulat (Russian), and Bintie (Chinese) are all names for historical ultra-high carbon crucible steel typified by carbide segregation. "Wootz" is an erroneous transliteration of "utsa" or "fountain" in Sanskrit; however, since 1794, it has been the primary word used to refer to historical hypereutectoid crucible steel.[5] The term "Damascus steel" itself likely traces its roots to the medieval city of Damascus, Syria.
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