Dawud al-Zahiri

Dawud al-Zahiri
Dawud al-Zahiri
دَاوُد الظَّاهِرِيُّ
Title	Imām ahl al-Ẓāhir
Personal life
Born	c. 815; Kufa, Abbasid Caliphate
Died	c. 883 or 884 (age approx. 68); Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate
Nationality	Persian
Home town	Qāshān near Aṣbahān
Era	Islamic Golden Age; (Abbasid era)
Region	Mesopotamia
Main interest(s)	Fiqh
Religious life
Religion	Islam
Denomination	Sunnī
Jurisprudence	Independent (eponym of the Zahiri school)
Creed	Atharī
Muslim leader
	Influenced by Al-Shafi'i, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Ibn Kullab, Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh, Abu Thawr, Yahya ibn Ma'in;
	Influenced Niftawayh, Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri, Tabari, Ruwaym, Abd Allah al-Qaysi, Ibn Hazm, Ibn Tumart;

Dāwūd ibn ʿAlī ibn Khalaf al-Ẓāhirī (Arabic: دَاوُدُ بنُ عَلِيِّ بنِ خَلَفٍ الظَّاهِرِيُّ; 815–883 CE / 199–269 AH)^[9]^[2] was a Sunnī Muslim scholar, jurist, and theologian during the Islamic Golden Age, specialized in the study of Islamic law (sharīʿa) and the fields of hermeneutics, biographical evaluation, and historiography of early Islam. He was the eponymous founder of the Ẓāhirī school of thought (madhhab),^[13] the fifth school of thought in Sunnī Islam, characterized by its strict adherence to literalism and reliance on the outward (ẓāhir) meaning of expressions in the Quran and ḥadīth literature;^[2]^[10] the consensus (ijmāʿ) of the first generation of Muhammad's closest companions (ṣaḥāba),^[2] for sources of Islamic law (sharīʿa);^[2] and rejection of analogical deduction (qiyās) and societal custom or knowledge (urf),^[2] used by other schools of Islamic jurisprudence. He was a celebrated, if not controversial, figure during his time,^[14] being referred to in Islamic historiographical texts as "the scholar of the era."^[15]

^ Osman, Amr (17 July 2014). The Ẓāhirī Madhhab (3rd/9th-10th/16th Century): A Textualist Theory of Islamic Law. BRILL. p. 13. ISBN 978-90-04-27965-0 – via Google Books.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Sheikh, Naveed S. (2021). "Making Sense of Salafism: Theological foundations, ideological iterations, and political manifestations – Genealogy A: Ibn Hanbal and the Ahl al-Ḥadīth". In Haynes, Jeffrey (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Religion, Politics, and Ideology (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. p. 165. doi:10.4324/9780367816230-16. ISBN 9780367816230. S2CID 237931579. Ibn Hanbal's reliance on the explicit import of the text (naṣṣ) was exceeded only by the literalism of the Ẓāhirī school, founded by his student, the Persian Dawud al-Zahiri (c. 815–883), and later popularized by Andalusian jurist Ali Ibn Hazm (994–1064). The Zahiris would outright reject analogical reasoning (qiyās) as a method for deducing jurisprudential rulings while considering consensus (ijmāʿ) to be binding only when comprising a first-generation consensus of the Companions of the Prophet.
^ Osman, Amr (17 July 2014). "The Ẓāhirī Madhhab (3rd/9th-10th/16th Century): A Textualist Theory of Islamic Law". BRILL. p. 11 – via Google Books.
^ Goldziher, Ignác (21 June 2008). "The Zahiris". BRILL – via Google Books.
^ ^a ^b ^c Osman, Amr (2014). "Dāwūd al-Ẓāhirī and the Beginnings of the Ẓāhirī Madhhab". The Ẓāhirī Madhhab (3rd/9th-10th/16th Century): A Textualist Theory of Islamic Law. Studies in Islamic Law and Society. Vol. 38. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 6, 9–47, 122. doi:10.1163/9789004279650_003. ISBN 978-90-04-27965-0. ISSN 1384-1130.
^ Lobel, Diana (2000). Between Mysticism and Philosophy. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 60. ISBN 0-7914-4451-1.
^ Bearman P.; Bianquis Th.; Bosworth C.E.; van Donzel E.; Heinrichs W.P., eds. (2005). "Dāwūd b. ʿAlī b. K̲h̲alaf". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 2 (Second ed.). Albany, NY: Brill. p. 182. ISBN 9789004161214.
^ Jonathan, Constance; Crowe, Youngwon Lee (2019). "9: Natural law in Islam from theological and legal perspectives". Research Handbook on Natural Law Theory. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-78811-003-7.
^ Taareekh at-Tashree' al-Islaamee, pp. 181, 182
^ ^a ^b Melchert, Christopher (2015) [1999]. "How Ḥanafism Came to Originate in Kufa and Traditionalism in Medina". Hadith, Piety, and Law: Selected Studies. Islamic Law and Society. Vol. 6. Atlanta and Leiden: Brill Publishers/Lockwood Press. pp. 318–347. ISBN 978-1-937040-49-9. JSTOR 3399501. LCCN 2015954883.
^ Joseph Schacht, Dāwūd b. ʿAlī b. Khalaf. Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill Online, 2013. Reference. 9 January 2013
^ Mohammad Sharif Khan and Mohammad Anwar Saleem, Muslim Philosophy And Philosophers, pg. 34. New Delhi: Ashish Publishing House, 1994.
^ ^[2]^[5]^[10]^[11]^[12]
^ Dr. Mohammad Omar Farooq, The Riba-Interest Equivalence Archived 12 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, June 2006
^ Al-Dhahabi, Siyar a`lam al-nubala'., v.13, Entry 55, pg.97–108

[1] Osman, Amr (17 July 2014). The Ẓāhirī Madhhab (3rd/9th-10th/16th Century): A Textualist Theory of Islamic Law. BRILL. p. 13. ISBN 978-90-04-27965-0 – via Google Books.

[Sheikh_2021-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ Sheikh, Naveed S. (2021). "Making Sense of Salafism: Theological foundations, ideological iterations, and political manifestations – Genealogy A: Ibn Hanbal and the Ahl al-Ḥadīth". In Haynes, Jeffrey (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Religion, Politics, and Ideology (1st ed.). London and New York: Routledge. p. 165. doi:10.4324/9780367816230-16. ISBN 9780367816230. S2CID 237931579. Ibn Hanbal's reliance on the explicit import of the text (naṣṣ) was exceeded only by the literalism of the Ẓāhirī school, founded by his student, the Persian Dawud al-Zahiri (c. 815–883), and later popularized by Andalusian jurist Ali Ibn Hazm (994–1064). The Zahiris would outright reject analogical reasoning (qiyās) as a method for deducing jurisprudential rulings while considering consensus (ijmāʿ) to be binding only when comprising a first-generation consensus of the Companions of the Prophet.

[3] Osman, Amr (17 July 2014). "The Ẓāhirī Madhhab (3rd/9th-10th/16th Century): A Textualist Theory of Islamic Law". BRILL. p. 11 – via Google Books.

[4] Goldziher, Ignác (21 June 2008). "The Zahiris". BRILL – via Google Books.

[Osman_2014-5] Osman, Amr (2014). "Dāwūd al-Ẓāhirī and the Beginnings of the Ẓāhirī Madhhab". The Ẓāhirī Madhhab (3rd/9th-10th/16th Century): A Textualist Theory of Islamic Law. Studies in Islamic Law and Society. Vol. 38. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 6, 9–47, 122. doi:10.1163/9789004279650_003. ISBN 978-90-04-27965-0. ISSN 1384-1130.

[6] Lobel, Diana (2000). Between Mysticism and Philosophy. Albany: State University of New York Press. p. 60. ISBN 0-7914-4451-1.

[7] Bearman P.; Bianquis Th.; Bosworth C.E.; van Donzel E.; Heinrichs W.P., eds. (2005). "Dāwūd b. ʿAlī b. K̲h̲alaf". Encyclopaedia of Islam. Vol. 2 (Second ed.). Albany, NY: Brill. p. 182. ISBN 9789004161214.

[8] Jonathan, Constance; Crowe, Youngwon Lee (2019). "9: Natural law in Islam from theological and legal perspectives". Research Handbook on Natural Law Theory. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 157. ISBN 978-1-78811-003-7.

[9] Taareekh at-Tashree' al-Islaamee, pp. 181, 182

[Melchert_1999-10] Melchert, Christopher (2015) [1999]. "How Ḥanafism Came to Originate in Kufa and Traditionalism in Medina". Hadith, Piety, and Law: Selected Studies. Islamic Law and Society. Vol. 6. Atlanta and Leiden: Brill Publishers/Lockwood Press. pp. 318–347. ISBN 978-1-937040-49-9. JSTOR 3399501. LCCN 2015954883.

[schacht-11] Joseph Schacht, Dāwūd b. ʿAlī b. Khalaf. Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Brill Online, 2013. Reference. 9 January 2013

[phil-12] Mohammad Sharif Khan and Mohammad Anwar Saleem, Muslim Philosophy And Philosophers, pg. 34. New Delhi: Ashish Publishing House, 1994.

[13] [2]^[5]^[10]^[11]^[12]

[farooq-14] Dr. Mohammad Omar Farooq, The Riba-Interest Equivalence Archived 12 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine, June 2006

[siyar-15] Al-Dhahabi, Siyar a`lam al-nubala'., v.13, Entry 55, pg.97–108

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Dawud al-Zahiri
دَاوُد الظَّاهِرِيُّ
Title	Imām ahl al-Ẓāhir^[1]
Personal life
Born	c. 815^[2] Kufa, Abbasid Caliphate^[3]
Died	c. 883 or 884^[2] (age approx. 68) Baghdad, Abbasid Caliphate
Nationality	Persian^[2]
Home town	Qāshān near Aṣbahān^[4]
Era	Islamic Golden Age (Abbasid era)
Region	Mesopotamia
Main interest(s)	Fiqh^[5]
Religious life
Religion	Islam
Denomination	Sunnī
Jurisprudence	Independent (eponym of the Zahiri school)^[5]
Creed	Atharī^[6]^[7]^[8]
Muslim leader
Influenced by Al-Shafi'i, Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Ibn Kullab, Ishaq Ibn Rahwayh, Abu Thawr, Yahya ibn Ma'in
Influenced Niftawayh, Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri, Tabari, Ruwaym, Abd Allah al-Qaysi, Ibn Hazm, Ibn Tumart