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Deccani language

Deccani
دکنی
A folio from the Kitab-i-Navras, a collection of Deccani poetry attributed to the Adil Shahi king Ibrahim Adil Shah II (16th-17th centuries)
Native toIndia
RegionDeccan
(Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Goa)
EthnicityDeccanis
Standard forms
Dialects
Perso-Arabic (Urdu alphabet)
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
Glottologdakh1244

Deccani (دکنی dakanī or دکھنی dakhanī;[A][1] also known as Deccani Urdu,[2][3] Deccani Hindi,[4][5][6] and Deccani Hindustani)[7][8] is an Indo-Aryan language variety based on a form of Hindustani spoken in the Deccan region of south-central India and is the native language variety of the Deccani people.[9][10][11] The historical form of Deccani sparked the development of Urdu literature during the late-Mughal period.[12][13] Deccani arose as a lingua franca under the Delhi Sultanate and Bahmani Sultanates, as trade and migration from the north introduced Hindustani to the Deccan. It later developed a literary tradition under the patronage of the Deccan Sultanates. Deccani itself came to influence modern standard Urdu and later Hindi.[10][14]

The Deccani language has an Indo-Aryan core vocabulary, though it incorporated loanwords from Persian, which was the official language of the Deccan Sultanates. Additionally, Deccani differs from northern Hindustani sociolects due to archaisms retained from the medieval era, as well as a convergence with and loanwords from the Deccan's regional languages like Telugu, Tamil, Kannada, Marathi spoken in the states of Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and some parts of Maharashtra.[10] Deccani has been increasingly influenced by Standard Urdu, especially noticed in Hyderabadi Urdu, which serves as its formal register. In the modern era, it has mostly survived as a spoken lect and is not a literary language.

There are three primary dialects of Deccani spoken today: Hyderabadi Urdu, Mysore Urdu, and Madrasi Urdu. Hyderabadi Urdu is the closest of these dialects to Standard Urdu and the most spoken.[14]

The term "Deccani" and its variants are often used in two different contexts: a historical, obsolete one, referring to the medieval-era literary predecessor of Hindi-Urdu;[15][10] and an oral one, referring to the Urdu dialects spoken in many areas of the Deccan today.[16] Both contexts have intricate historical ties.


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  1. ^ Kellman, Steven G.; Lvovich, Natasha (2021). The Routledge Handbook of Literary Translingualism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-000-44153-6.
  2. ^ Khan, Abdul Jamil (2006). Urdu/Hindi: An Artificial Divide: African Heritage, Mesopotamian Roots, Indian Culture & Britiah Colonialism. Algora Publishing. ISBN 978-0-87586-438-9.
  3. ^ Alam, Sarwar (2019). Cultural Fusion of Sufi Islam: Alternative Paths to Mystical Faith. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-87294-5.
  4. ^ Azam, Kousar J. (2017). Languages and Literary Cultures in Hyderabad. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-351-39399-7.
  5. ^ Verma, Dinesh Chandra (1990). Social, Economic, and Cultural History of Bijapur. Idarah-i Adabiyat-i Delli. p. 141. Deccani Hindi is indebted for its development to the Muslim poets and writers chiefly belonging to the kingdom of Bijapur.
  6. ^ Arun, Vidya Bhaskar (1961). A Comparative Phonology of Hindi and Panjabi. Panjabi Sahitya Akademi. p. xii. The Deccani Hindi Poetry in its earlier phase was not so much Persianised as it became later.
  7. ^ "Social History — 1750-1780: Document". Museum of London. Retrieved 6 February 2025. The majority of the documents are written in Farsi (Persian), employing the adapted Arabic script but these notes are written in English and Deccani Hindustani with Carnatic translation.
  8. ^ Hirschmann, Edwin (11 December 2019). The Accidental Viceroy: Robert Lytton in India. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 41. ISBN 978-1-4985-9853-8. But the dewan translated these (probably into Deccani Hindustani) as "friendship" and "alliance".
  9. ^ Mohammed, Syed (20 January 2012). "Deccani roots truly secular". The Times of India.
  10. ^ a b c d Kama Maclean (26 September 2021). "Language and Cinema: Schisms in the Representation of Hyderabad". Retrieved 12 February 2024. The Deccani language developed between the fourteenth and seventeenth centuries in the Deccan—it is known to be an old form of Hindi and Urdu. Deccani was influenced by the other languages of the region, that is, it borrowed some words from Telugu, Kannada and Marathi. Deccani was known as the language from the South and it later traveled to the north of India and influenced Khari Boli. It also had a significant influence on the development of Hindi and Urdu.
  11. ^ Emeneau, Murray B.; Fergusson, Charles A. (2016). Linguistics in South Asia. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 978-3-11-081950-2.
  12. ^ Imam, Syeda (2008). The Untold Charminar. Penguin UK. ISBN 978-81-8475-971-6.
  13. ^ Alam, Sarwar (2019). Cultural Fusion of Sufi Islam: Alternative Paths to Mystical Faith. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-87294-5.
  14. ^ a b "Urdu-Phonology and Morphology" (PDF).
  15. ^ Rahman 2011, p. 22.
  16. ^ Rahman 2011, p. 4.

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