Democracy in Pakistan

Politics in Pakistan refers to the ideologies and systems by which Pakistan was established in 1947.^[1] As envisaged by the nation's founding father, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistan is a nation-state, constitutionally a democratic parliamentary republic.^[2] The national cabinet, led by the Prime Minister of Pakistan has executive power and the president is the head of state elected by the electoral college.^[3] Pakistan is one of the youngest democracies in the world, established in 2003.^[4] Pakistan's political system is based on an elected form of governance.^[5] The democratic elections held in 2008 were the first to conclude a 5-year term in the nation's political history. However, since the country's inception, the military has had disproportionate power over state affairs.^[6] Several military interventions have disrupted Pakistan's democracy. These interventions include takeovers by General Ayub Khan (1958-1969), General Yahya Khan (1969-1971), General Zia Ul Haq (1978-1988), and General Pervez Musharraf (2001-2008).^[6]

^ Ferguson, Niall (2003). Empire: how Britain made the modern world (1. publ ed.). London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9615-9.
^ "Mohammed Ali Jinnah | Biography, Accomplishments, Religion, Significance, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 7 September 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
^ "Part I: "Introductory"". pakistani.org. Retrieved 5 October 2023.
^ "The State of Pakistani Democracy – Berkeley Political Review". Retrieved 5 October 2023.
^ Harriss, John, "Political change, political structure, and the Indian state since Independence", Routledge Handbook of South Asian Politics, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-203-87818-7, retrieved 5 October 2023
^ ^a ^b Altaf, Hina (May 2019). "History of Military Interventions in Political Affairs in Pakistan". CUNY Academic Works – via City University of New York (CUNY).

[1] Ferguson, Niall (2003). Empire: how Britain made the modern world (1. publ ed.). London: Allen Lane. ISBN 978-0-7139-9615-9.

[2] "Mohammed Ali Jinnah | Biography, Accomplishments, Religion, Significance, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 7 September 2023. Retrieved 5 October 2023.

[3] "Part I: "Introductory"". pakistani.org. Retrieved 5 October 2023.

[4] "The State of Pakistani Democracy – Berkeley Political Review". Retrieved 5 October 2023.

[5] Harriss, John, "Political change, political structure, and the Indian state since Independence", Routledge Handbook of South Asian Politics, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-203-87818-7, retrieved 5 October 2023

[:0-6] Altaf, Hina (May 2019). "History of Military Interventions in Political Affairs in Pakistan". CUNY Academic Works – via City University of New York (CUNY).

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