Democratic legitimacy of the European Union

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The question of whether the governance of the European Union (EU) lacks democratic legitimacy has been debated since the time of the European Economic Community in the late 1970s. This led in part to an elected European Parliament being created in 1979 and given the power to approve or reject EU legislation. Since then, usage of the term has broadened to describe newer issues facing the European Union. Voter turnout at the elections to the European Parliament fell consecutively at every election from the first in 1979 up to 2014 when it hit a low of 42.54%, before finally rising in 2019. The 2014 turnout figure is lower than that of any national election in the 27 countries of the European Union, where turnout at national elections averages 68% across the EU.^[1]

Opinions differ as to whether the EU has a democratic deficit^[2] or how it should be remedied if it exists.^[3]^[4] Some scholars argue that the EU does not suffer from a democratic deficit as it is more constrained by its plural structure of checks and balances than any national polity.^[5] The EU is an intergovernmental institutional framework where democratically elected national governments bargain with each other.^[6] According to Majone, non-accountable institutions, such as the European Commission or the Court of Justice, are insulated from democratic contestation to achieve greater efficiency and protect minority rights.^[7] Some Pro-Europeans (i.e. those in favour of the EU) argue that the European Union should reform its institutions to make them more accountable,^[8] while Eurosceptics argue that the EU should reduce its powers and often campaign for withdrawal from the EU.

^ "Voter turnout in national and EU parliamentary elections". Eurostat. Retrieved 29 August 2016.
^ "The Myth of Europe's Democratic Deficit" (PDF). Princeton University. Retrieved 10 April 2017.
^ Cite error: The named reference BVerfG-2009 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Pernice-2004a was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Moravcsik, Andrew (2002). "Reassessing legitimacy in the European Union". JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies. 40 (4): 603–624. doi:10.1111/1468-5965.00390. S2CID 153441715.
^ Moravcsik, Andrew (2018). "Preferences, power and institutions in 21st-century Europe". JCMS: Journal of Common Market Studies. 56 (7): 1648–1674. doi:10.1111/jcms.12804. S2CID 158789353.
^ Majone, Giandomenico (2006). "The Common Sense of European Integration". Journal of European Public Policy. 13 (5): 607–626. doi:10.1080/13501760600808212. S2CID 154332545.
^ Hahm, Hyeonho; Hilpert, David; König, Thomas (4 November 2019). "Institutional reform and public attitudes toward EU decision making". European Journal of Political Research. 59 (3): 1475–6765.12361. doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12361. ISSN 0304-4130.