Dhole

Dhole; Temporal range: Middle Pleistocene – Recent
Conservation status
	; Endangered (IUCN 3.1)
	CITES Appendix II (CITES)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Canidae
Subfamily:	Caninae
Tribe:	Canini
Genus:	Cuon; Hodgson, 1838
Species:	C. alpinus
Binomial name
	Cuon alpinus; (Pallas, 1811)
Subspecies
	C. a. adjustus; C. a. alpinus; C. a. fumosus; C. a. hesperius; C. a. laniger; C. a. lepturus; C. a. sumatrensis; † C. a. antiquus; † C. a. caucasicus; † C. a. europaeus;
	dhole range
Synonyms
	Canis alpinus

The dhole (/doʊl/ dohl;^[2]^[3] Cuon alpinus) is a canid native to Central, South, East and Southeast Asia. It is genetically close to species within the genus Canis,^[4]^{: Fig. 10} but distinct in several anatomical aspects: its skull is convex rather than concave in profile, it lacks a third lower molar^[5] and the upper molars possess only a single cusp as opposed to between two and four.^[6] During the Pleistocene, the dhole ranged throughout Asia, with its range also extending into Europe (with a single record also reported from North America) but became restricted to its historical range 12,000–18,000 years ago.^[7]

The dhole is a highly social animal, living in large clans without rigid dominance hierarchies^[8] and containing multiple breeding females.^[9] Such clans usually consist of about 12 individuals, but groups of over 40 are known.^[10] It is a diurnal pack hunter which preferentially targets large and medium-sized ungulates.^[11] In tropical forests, the dhole competes with the tiger (Panthera tigris) and the leopard (Panthera pardus), targeting somewhat different prey species, but still with substantial dietary overlap.^[12]

It is listed as Endangered on the IUCN Red List, as populations are decreasing and estimated to comprise fewer than 2,500 mature individuals. Factors contributing to this decline include habitat loss, loss of prey, competition with other species, persecution due to livestock predation, and disease transfer from domestic dogs.^[1]

^ ^a ^b ^c Kamler, J.F.; Songsasen, N.; Jenks, K.; Srivathsa, A.; Sheng, L.; Kunkel, K. (2015). "Cuon alpinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T5953A72477893. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T5953A72477893.en. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
^ ""dhole"". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
^ ""dhole"". Collins Dictionary. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
^ Lindblad-Toh, K.; Wade, C.M.; Mikkelsen, T.S.; Karlsson, E.K.; Jaffe, D.B.; Kamal, M.; Clamp, M.; Chang, J.L.; Kulbokas, E.J.; Zody, M.C.; Mauceli, E.; Xie, X.; Breen, M.; Wayne, R.K.; Ostrander, E.A.; Ponting, C.P.; Galibert, F.; Smith, D.R.; Dejong, P.J.; Kirkness, E.; Alvarez, P.; Biagi, T.; Brockman, W.; Butler, J.; Chin, C.W.; Cook, A.; Cuff, J.; Daly, M.J.; Decaprio, D.; et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis, and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature. 438 (7069): 803–819. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..803L. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 16341006.
^ Clutton-Brock, J.; Corbet, G. G. & Hills, M. (1976). "A review of the family Canidae, with a classification by numerical methods". Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History. 29: 179–180. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2014.
^ Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P., eds. (1998). "Genus Cuon Hodgson, 1838". Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol. (II. Part 1A: Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea Cows, Wolves, and Bears)). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution and National science Foundation. pp. 566–586. ISBN 1-886106-81-9.
^ Zhang, H.; Chen, L. (2010). "The complete mitochondrial genome of dhole Cuon alpinus: Phylogenetic analysis and dating evolutionary divergence within canidae". Molecular Biology Reports. 38 (3): 1651–1660. doi:10.1007/s11033-010-0276-y. PMID 20859694. S2CID 7476436.
^ Cite error: The named reference f85 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference f86 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference cohen1978 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Durbin, D.L.; Venkataraman, A.; Hedges, S. & Duckworth, W. (2004). "8.1–Dhole" (PDF). In Sillero-Zubiri, C.; Hoffmann, M. & Macdonald, D.W. (eds.). Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals, and Dogs:Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN The World Conservation Union. p. 211. ISBN 978-2831707860. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2006. Retrieved 31 January 2020.
^ Cite error: The named reference jstor.org was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[iucn-1] Kamler, J.F.; Songsasen, N.; Jenks, K.; Srivathsa, A.; Sheng, L.; Kunkel, K. (2015). "Cuon alpinus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2015: e.T5953A72477893. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-4.RLTS.T5953A72477893.en. Retrieved 24 January 2022.

[MWeb-2] ""dhole"". Merriam-Webster. Archived from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.

[ColDict-3] ""dhole"". Collins Dictionary. Archived from the original on 1 May 2021. Retrieved 7 January 2024.

[lindblad-toh2005-4] Lindblad-Toh, K.; Wade, C.M.; Mikkelsen, T.S.; Karlsson, E.K.; Jaffe, D.B.; Kamal, M.; Clamp, M.; Chang, J.L.; Kulbokas, E.J.; Zody, M.C.; Mauceli, E.; Xie, X.; Breen, M.; Wayne, R.K.; Ostrander, E.A.; Ponting, C.P.; Galibert, F.; Smith, D.R.; Dejong, P.J.; Kirkness, E.; Alvarez, P.; Biagi, T.; Brockman, W.; Butler, J.; Chin, C.W.; Cook, A.; Cuff, J.; Daly, M.J.; Decaprio, D.; et al. (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis, and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature. 438 (7069): 803–819. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..803L. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 16341006.

[cluttonbrock1976-5] Clutton-Brock, J.; Corbet, G. G. & Hills, M. (1976). "A review of the family Canidae, with a classification by numerical methods". Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History. 29: 179–180. Archived from the original on 17 December 2013. Retrieved 8 December 2014.

[heptner1998-6] Heptner, V. G.; Naumov, N. P., eds. (1998). "Genus Cuon Hodgson, 1838". Mammals of the Soviet Union. Vol. (II. Part 1A: Sirenia and Carnivora (Sea Cows, Wolves, and Bears)). Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution and National science Foundation. pp. 566–586. ISBN 1-886106-81-9.

[zhang2011-7] Zhang, H.; Chen, L. (2010). "The complete mitochondrial genome of dhole Cuon alpinus: Phylogenetic analysis and dating evolutionary divergence within canidae". Molecular Biology Reports. 38 (3): 1651–1660. doi:10.1007/s11033-010-0276-y. PMID 20859694. S2CID 7476436.

[f85-8] Cite error: The named reference f85 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[f86-9] Cite error: The named reference f86 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[cohen1978-10] Cite error: The named reference cohen1978 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Durbin2004-11] Durbin, D.L.; Venkataraman, A.; Hedges, S. & Duckworth, W. (2004). "8.1–Dhole" (PDF). In Sillero-Zubiri, C.; Hoffmann, M. & Macdonald, D.W. (eds.). Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals, and Dogs:Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. IUCN The World Conservation Union. p. 211. ISBN 978-2831707860. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 October 2006. Retrieved 31 January 2020.

[jstor.org-12] Cite error: The named reference jstor.org was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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Dhole Temporal range: Middle Pleistocene – Recent

Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 3.1)^[1]
CITES Appendix II (CITES)^[1]
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Canidae
Subfamily:	Caninae
Tribe:	Canini
Genus:	Cuon Hodgson, 1838
Species:	C. alpinus
Binomial name
*Cuon alpinus* (Pallas, 1811)
Subspecies
C. a. adjustus C. a. alpinus C. a. fumosus C. a. hesperius C. a. laniger C. a. lepturus C. a. sumatrensis † C. a. antiquus † C. a. caucasicus † C. a. europaeus

dhole range
Synonyms
Canis alpinus