Dissociative

Dissociative
Drug class
Chemical structure of ketamine, one of the most well-known dissociatives.
Class identifiers
Use	Recreational, spiritual, medical
Mechanism of action	NMDA receptor antagonism
Biological target	NMDA receptor
Chemical class	Adamantanes, arylcyclohexylamines, diarylethylamines, morphinans, simple inhalants, others
Legal status
Legal status	Variable
In Wikidata

Dissociatives, colloquially dissos, are a subclass of hallucinogens that distort perception of sight and sound and produce feelings of detachment – dissociation – from the environment and/or self. Although many kinds of drugs are capable of such an effect, dissociatives are unique in that they do so in such a way that they produce hallucinogenic effects, which may include dissociation, a general decrease in sensory experience, hallucinations, dream-like states or anesthesia.^[1]

Despite most dissociatives' main mechanism of action being tied to NMDA receptor antagonism, some of these substances, which are nonselective in action and affect the dopamine^[2] and/or opioid^[3] systems, may be capable of inducing more direct and repeatable euphoria or symptoms which are more akin to the effects of typical "hard drugs" or common drugs of abuse. This is likely why dissociatives are considered to be addictive with a fair to moderate potential for abuse, unlike psychedelics. Despite some dissociatives, such as phencyclidine (PCP) possessing stimulating properties, most dissociatives seem to have a general depressant effect and can produce sedation, respiratory depression, nausea, disorientation, analgesia, anesthesia, ataxia, cognitive and memory impairment as well as amnesia.

Examples of dissociatives include arylcyclohexylamines like ketamine and phencyclidine (PCP); morphinans like dextromethorphan (DXM); inhalants like nitrous oxide (N₂O); diarylethylamines like diphenidine; and adamantanes like memantine, among others.