Dorothy Hodgkin

Dorothy Hodgkin
OM FRS HonFRSC
Dorothy Hodgkin OM FRS HonFRSC
Born	Dorothy Mary Crowfoot; 12 May 1910; Cairo, Egypt
Died	29 July 1994 (aged 84); Ilmington, Warwickshire, England
Nationality	British
Education	Sir John Leman Grammar School
Alma mater	Somerville College, Oxford (BA); University of Cambridge (PhD);
Known for	Development of protein crystallography; Determining the structure of insulin;
Spouse	Thomas Lionel Hodgkin (m. 1937; died 1982)
Children	3
Parent(s)	John Winter Crowfoot; Grace Mary Hood
Awards	Royal Medal (1956); Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1964); Order of Merit (1965); EMBO Member (1970); Copley Medal (1976); Dalton Medal (1981); Lomonosov Gold Medal (1982);
	Scientific career
Fields	Biochemistry; X-ray crystallography
Thesis	X-ray crystallography and the chemistry of the sterols (1937)
Doctoral advisor	John Desmond Bernal
Doctoral students	Judith Howard; Michael N. G. James;
Other notable students	Jack D. Dunitz (postdoc); Margaret Thatcher (undergraduate); Tom Blundell (postdoc); Guy Dodson (postdoc); June Lindsey (postdoc);

Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin OM FRS HonFRSC^[10]^[11] (née Crowfoot; 12 May 1910 – 29 July 1994) was a Nobel Prize-winning English chemist who advanced the technique of X-ray crystallography to determine the structure of biomolecules, which became essential for structural biology.^[10]^[12]

Among her most influential discoveries are the confirmation of the structure of penicillin as previously surmised by Edward Abraham and Ernst Boris Chain; and mapping the structure of vitamin B₁₂, for which in 1964 she became the third woman to win the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. Hodgkin also elucidated the structure of insulin in 1969 after 35 years of work.^[13]

Hodgkin used the name "Dorothy Crowfoot" until twelve years after marrying Thomas Lionel Hodgkin, when she began using "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin". Hodgkin is referred to as "Dorothy Hodgkin" by the Royal Society (when referring to its sponsorship of the Dorothy Hodgkin fellowship), and by Somerville College. The National Archives of the United Kingdom refer to her as "Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin".

^ Anon (2014). "EMBO profile Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin". people.embo.org. Heidelberg: European Molecular Biology Organization. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2016.
^ Cite error: The named reference dphd2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Howard, Judith Ann Kathleen (1971). The study of some organic crystal structures by neutron diffraction. solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford. OCLC 500477155. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.459789. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
^ Cite error: The named reference jak was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Crace, John (26 September 2006). "Judith Howard, Crystal gazing: The first woman to head a five-star chemistry department tells John Crace what attracted her to science". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017.
^ ^a ^b "Chemistry Tree – Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin". academictree.org. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2017.
^ James, Michael Norman George (1966). X-ray crystallographic studies of some antibiotic peptides. bodleian.ox.ac.uk (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford. OCLC 944386483. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.710775. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
^ John Blundell, Margaret Thatcher, A Portrait of The Iron Lady, 2008, pp. 25–27. Degree student, 1943–1947.
^ Blundell, T.; Cutfield, J.; Cutfield, S.; Dodson, E.; Dodson, G.; Hodgkin, D.; Mercola, D.; Vijayan, M. (1971). "Atomic positions in rhombohedral 2-zinc insulin crystals". Nature. 231 (5304): 506–11. Bibcode:1971Natur.231..506B. doi:10.1038/231506a0. PMID 4932997. S2CID 4158731.
^ ^a ^b ^c Dodson, Guy (2002). "Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin, O.M. 12 May 1910 – 29 July 1994". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 48: 179–219. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2002.0011. ISSN 0080-4606. PMID 13678070. S2CID 61764553.
^ "Hodgkin, Prof. Dorothy Mary Crowfoot". Who's Who & Who Was Who. Vol. 2017 (online Oxford University Press ed.). Oxford: A & C Black. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U173161 (subscription required)
^ Glusker, J. P. (1994). "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910–1994)". Protein Science. 3 (12): 2465–69. doi:10.1002/pro.5560031233. PMC 2142778. PMID 7757003.
^ Cite error: The named reference bio was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[membo-1] Anon (2014). "EMBO profile Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin". people.embo.org. Heidelberg: European Molecular Biology Organization. Archived from the original on 11 August 2016. Retrieved 17 August 2016.

[dphd2-2] Cite error: The named reference dphd2 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[3] Howard, Judith Ann Kathleen (1971). The study of some organic crystal structures by neutron diffraction. solo.bodleian.ox.ac.uk (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford. OCLC 500477155. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.459789. Archived from the original on 6 May 2022. Retrieved 24 November 2017.

[jak-4] Cite error: The named reference jak was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[5] Crace, John (26 September 2006). "Judith Howard, Crystal gazing: The first woman to head a five-star chemistry department tells John Crace what attracted her to science". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 17 August 2017.

[tree-6] "Chemistry Tree – Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin". academictree.org. Archived from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 16 August 2017.

[mng-7] James, Michael Norman George (1966). X-ray crystallographic studies of some antibiotic peptides. bodleian.ox.ac.uk (DPhil thesis). University of Oxford. OCLC 944386483. EThOS uk.bl.ethos.710775. Archived from the original on 14 December 2019. Retrieved 27 March 2018.

[8] John Blundell, Margaret Thatcher, A Portrait of The Iron Lady, 2008, pp. 25–27. Degree student, 1943–1947.

[9] Blundell, T.; Cutfield, J.; Cutfield, S.; Dodson, E.; Dodson, G.; Hodgkin, D.; Mercola, D.; Vijayan, M. (1971). "Atomic positions in rhombohedral 2-zinc insulin crystals". Nature. 231 (5304): 506–11. Bibcode:1971Natur.231..506B. doi:10.1038/231506a0. PMID 4932997. S2CID 4158731.

[frs-10] Dodson, Guy (2002). "Dorothy Mary Crowfoot Hodgkin, O.M. 12 May 1910 – 29 July 1994". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 48: 179–219. doi:10.1098/rsbm.2002.0011. ISSN 0080-4606. PMID 13678070. S2CID 61764553.

[whoswho-11] "Hodgkin, Prof. Dorothy Mary Crowfoot". Who's Who & Who Was Who. Vol. 2017 (online Oxford University Press ed.). Oxford: A & C Black. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) doi:10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.U173161 (subscription required)

[glusker-12] Glusker, J. P. (1994). "Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin (1910–1994)". Protein Science. 3 (12): 2465–69. doi:10.1002/pro.5560031233. PMC 2142778. PMID 7757003.

[bio-13] Cite error: The named reference bio was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

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Dorothy Hodgkin OM FRS HonFRSC

Born	Dorothy Mary Crowfoot (1910-05-12)12 May 1910 Cairo, Egypt
Died	29 July 1994(1994-07-29) (aged 84) Ilmington, Warwickshire, England
Nationality	British
Education	Sir John Leman Grammar School
Alma mater	Somerville College, Oxford (BA) University of Cambridge (PhD)
Known for	Development of protein crystallography Determining the structure of insulin
Spouse	Thomas Lionel Hodgkin (m. 1937; died 1982)
Children	3
Parent(s)	John Winter Crowfoot Grace Mary Hood
Awards	Royal Medal (1956) Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1964) Order of Merit (1965) EMBO Member (1970)^[1] Copley Medal (1976) Dalton Medal (1981) Lomonosov Gold Medal (1982)
Scientific career
Fields	Biochemistry X-ray crystallography
Thesis	X-ray crystallography and the chemistry of the sterols (1937)
Doctoral advisor	John Desmond Bernal^[2]
Doctoral students	Judith Howard^[3]^[4]^[5] Michael N. G. James^[6]^[7]
Other notable students	Jack D. Dunitz (postdoc)^[6] Margaret Thatcher (undergraduate)^[8] Tom Blundell (postdoc)^[9] Guy Dodson (postdoc)^[10] June Lindsey (postdoc)