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Dravidian peoples

For other uses, see Dravidian (disambiguation).

Dravidians
Geographic
distribution		South Asia and parts of Southeast Asia, mainly South India and Sri Lanka
Linguistic classificationOne of the world's primary language families
Proto-languageProto-Dravidian
Subdivisions
  • Northern
  • Central
  • Southern
ISO 639-2 / 5dra
Linguasphere49 = (phylozone)
Glottologdrav1251
Distribution of subgroups of Dravidian languages:
Dravidian people
Dravidian speakers in South Asia
Total population
approx. 250 million
Languages
Dravidian languages
Religion
Predominantly Hinduism, Dravidian folk religion and others: Jainism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Judaism
Part of a series on
Dravidian culture and history
Origin
Indus Valley Civilisation Keezhadi excavation site
History
Dravidian dynasties
Culture
Language
Religion
Regions
People
Politics
Portal:Dravidian civilizations

The Dravidian peoples are an ethnolinguistic supraethnicity composed of many distinct ethnolinguistic groups native to South Asia (predominantly India). They speak the Dravidian languages, which have a combined total of about 250 million native speakers.[1] Dravidians form the majority of the population of South India and Northern Sri Lanka.[2]

They are also natively found in other parts of India, Pakistan, Afghanistan,[3] Bangladesh,[4] the Maldives, Nepal,[5] and Bhutan.[6] And are citizens in Singapore, Mauritius, Malaysia, France, South Africa, Myanmar, East Africa, the Caribbean, and the United Arab Emirates through recent migration.

Proto-Dravidian may have been spoken in the Indus civilization, suggesting a "tentative date of Proto-Dravidian around the early part of the third millennium BCE",[7] after which it branched into various Dravidian languages.[8] South Dravidian I (including pre-Tamil) and South Dravidian II (including pre-Telugu) split around the eleventh century BCE, with the other major branches splitting off at around the same time.[9]

The origins of the Dravidians are a "very complex subject of research and debate".[10] They are regarded as indigenous to the Indian subcontinent,[11][12][13] but may have deeper pre-Neolithic roots from Western Asia, specifically from the Iranian plateau.[14][15][16][17][18] Their origins are often viewed as being connected with the Indus Valley civilisation,[10][18][19] hence people and language spread east and southwards after the demise of the Indus Valley Civilisation in the early second millennium BCE,[20][21] some propose not long before the arrival of Indo-Aryan speakers,[22] with whom they intensively interacted.[23] Genetically, the ancient Indus Valley people were composed of a primarily "Iranian" hunter-gatherers (or farmers) ancestry, with varying degrees of ancestry from local hunter-gatherer groups. The modern-day Dravidian-speakers display a similar genetic makeup, but also carry a small portion of Western Steppe Herders ancestry and may also have additional contributions from local hunter-gatherers groups.[24][25][26]

The third century BCE onwards saw the development of many great empires in South India like Pandya, Chola, Chera, Pallava, Satavahana, Chalukya, Kakatiya and Rashtrakuta. Medieval South Indian guilds and trading organisations like the "Ayyavole of Karnataka and Manigramam" played an important role in the Southeast Asia trade,[27] and the cultural Indianisation of the region.

Dravidian visual art is dominated by stylised temple architecture in major centres, and the production of images on stone and bronze sculptures. The sculpture dating from the Chola period has become notable as a symbol of Hinduism. The Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple located in Indian state of Tamil Nadu is often considered as the largest functioning Hindu temple in the world. The temple is built in Dravidian style and occupies an area of 156 acres (631,000 m2).[28]

  1. ^ Steever, S.B., ed. (2019). The Dravidian languages (2nd ed.). Routledge. p. 1. doi:10.4324/9781315722580. ISBN 9781315722580. S2CID 261720917.
  2. ^ "Eelam Tamils of Sri Lanka". Minority rights. 16 October 2023.
  3. ^ Louis, Rosenblatt; Steever, Sanford B. (15 April 2015). The Dravidian Languages. Routledge. p. 388. ISBN 978-1-136-91164-4. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  4. ^ Razaul Karim Faquire (2010). "Language situation in Bangladesh". The Dhaka University Studies. 67 (2): 7. ISSN 1562-7195. OCLC 11674036.
  5. ^ "Dhangar Oraon in Nepal". Dhangar Oraon people of Nepal speak Kurukh, also Kurux, Oraon or Uranw, as their native language. Which is a Dravidian language
  6. ^ "ORAON OF BHUTAN". Oraon people of Bhutan speak Kurukh as their native language. Which is a Dravidian language
  7. ^ Krishnamurti 2003, p. 501.
  8. ^ History and Archaeology, Volume 1, Issues 1–2 p.234, Department of Ancient History, Culture, and Archaeology, University of Allahabad
  9. ^ Krishnamurti 2003, p. 501-502.
  10. ^ a b Tudu 2008, p. 400
  11. ^ Avari, Burjor (2007). Ancient India: A History of the Indian Sub-Continent from C. 7000 BC to AD 1200. Routledge. p. 13. ISBN 978-1-134-25162-9.
  12. ^ Masica, Colin P. (1989). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge University Press. p. 39. ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2.
  13. ^ Kopstein, Jeffrey; Lichbach, Mark Irving (2005) [First published 2000]. Comparative Politics: Interests, Identities, and Institutions in a Changing Global Order (2nd ed.). Cambridge University. p. 345. ISBN 978-0-521-84316-4.
  14. ^ Cavalli-Sforza, Menozzi & Piazza 1994, pp. 221–222.
  15. ^ Cite error: The named reference kumar2004 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  16. ^ Kivisild 1999, p. 1333.
  17. ^ Parpola 2015, p. 17.
  18. ^ a b Samuel 2008, p. 54 note 15.
  19. ^ Parpola 2015.
  20. ^ Narasimhan et al. 2018, p. 15.
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference scientificamerican.com was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ Razab Khan, The Dravidianization of India
  23. ^ Cite error: The named reference britannicaOnline was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  24. ^ Reich et al. 2009.
  25. ^ Narasimhan et al. 2019.
  26. ^ Narasimhan, Vagheesh M.; Patterson, Nick; Moorjani, Priya; Rohland, Nadin; Bernardos, Rebecca; Mallick, Swapan; Lazaridis, Iosif; Nakatsuka, Nathan; Olalde, Iñigo; Lipson, Mark; Kim, Alexander M.; Olivieri, Luca M.; Coppa, Alfredo; Vidale, Massimo; Mallory, James (6 September 2019). "The formation of human populations in South and Central Asia". Science. 365 (6457): eaat7487. doi:10.1126/science.aat7487. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 6822619. PMID 31488661.
  27. ^ Angela Schottenhammer, The Emporium of the World: Maritime Quanzhou, 1000–1400, p.293
  28. ^ "Tiruvarangam Divya Desam".

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