Dulo

The Dulo clan was a ruling dynasty of the Bulgars,^[1] who were of Turkic origin.^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8] It is generally considered that their elite^[9] was related to the Huns and the Western Turkic Khaganate.^[10] Particularly, it is said that the Dulo descended from the rulers of Old Great Bulgaria.^[11] This state was a centralized monarchy from its inception, unlike previous Hunno-Turkic political entities, which were tribal confederations.^[12]

The royal family and rulers of Old Great Bulgaria (632–668) and the first half of the First Bulgarian Empire (681–1018), in their prince lists (Nominalia of the Bulgarian khans) claimed through descent from Attila through Irnik, possibly Attila's attested son Ernak.^[1]^[13] During the pagan period, the succession of clan leadership was based on traditions brought over to the Balkans from the Eurasian Steppe, which include the rulers' divine ancestry.^[14] At the head of the clan was the Khan, who reigned as the head of state, military leader, and probably high priest of the Bulgar god, Tangra.^[12]

^ ^a ^b Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 66, 300. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
^ Bowersock, G. W.; Brown, Peter; Grabar, Oleg (1999). Late Antiquity : A Guide to the Postclassical World. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-51173-5. OCLC 41076344.
^ Luttwak, Edward (2009). "Bulghars and Bulgarians". The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-05420-2. OCLC 648760614.
^ Kim 2013, p. 68.
^ Raymond Detrez, Pieter Plas, Peter Lang, 2005, p. 29
^ Cite error: The named reference Panos was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Denis Sinor (1990). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 261. ISBN 0521243041.
^ Cite error: The named reference Chen was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Pohl 1998.
^ Golden, Peter B. (2011). Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes. Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei. pp. 143–144. ISBN 9789732721520.
^ World and Its Peoples: Greece and the Eastern Balkans. New York: Marshall Cavendish. 2010. p. 1474. ISBN 9780761478836.
^ ^a ^b Hupchick, Dennis (2017). The Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars for Early Medieval Balkan Hegemony: Silver-Lined Skulls and Blinded Armies. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 9. ISBN 9783319562056.
^ Kim 2013, p. 59, 142.
^ Biliarsky, Ivan (2011). Word and Power in Mediaeval Bulgaria. Leiden: BRILL. p. 218. ISBN 9789004191457.

[Fine-1] Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. pp. 66, 300. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.

[2] Bowersock, G. W.; Brown, Peter; Grabar, Oleg (1999). Late Antiquity : A Guide to the Postclassical World. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 0-674-51173-5. OCLC 41076344.

[3] Luttwak, Edward (2009). "Bulghars and Bulgarians". The Grand Strategy of the Byzantine Empire. Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-05420-2. OCLC 648760614.

[FOOTNOTEKim201368-4] Kim 2013, p. 68.

[5] Raymond Detrez, Pieter Plas, Peter Lang, 2005, p. 29

[Panos-6] Cite error: The named reference Panos was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[:1-7] Denis Sinor (1990). The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 261. ISBN 0521243041.

[Chen-8] Cite error: The named reference Chen was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[FOOTNOTEPohl1998-9] Pohl 1998.

[10] Golden, Peter B. (2011). Studies on the Peoples and Cultures of the Eurasian Steppes. Editura Academiei Române; Editura Istros a Muzeului Brăilei. pp. 143–144. ISBN 9789732721520.

[11] World and Its Peoples: Greece and the Eastern Balkans. New York: Marshall Cavendish. 2010. p. 1474. ISBN 9780761478836.

[:0-12] Hupchick, Dennis (2017). The Bulgarian-Byzantine Wars for Early Medieval Balkan Hegemony: Silver-Lined Skulls and Blinded Armies. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 9. ISBN 9783319562056.

[FOOTNOTEKim201359,_142-13] Kim 2013, p. 59, 142.

[14] Biliarsky, Ivan (2011). Word and Power in Mediaeval Bulgaria. Leiden: BRILL. p. 218. ISBN 9789004191457.

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