Eastward spread of Western learning

The eastward spread of Western learning (simplified Chinese: 西学东渐; traditional Chinese: 西學東漸) refers to the spread of Western technologies and ideologies in China since the late Ming dynasty, which is contrast with the westward spread of Eastern learning (simplified Chinese: 东学西传; traditional Chinese: 東學西傳) that introduced Chinese technologies and ideologies to the West.^[1]^[2]^[3]

^ Liu, Dachun (2018). Western Learning Spreads Eastward (in Simplified Chinese). Beijing: China Renmin University Press. ISBN 978-7-300-26325-0. OCLC 1089442491.
^ Kuang, Shuping (2016-09-21). "Eastward Transmission of Western Learning and the Evolution of Modern Sports in Shanghai, 1843–1949". The International Journal of the History of Sport. 33 (14): 1606–1625. doi:10.1080/09523367.2017.1288106. ISSN 0952-3367. S2CID 152205041.
^ Koerbs, Christoph (2008), "East and West: China in the Transmission of Knowledge from East to West", in Selin, Helaine (ed.), Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 712–717, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9121, ISBN 978-1-4020-4425-0, retrieved 2022-06-14

[1] Liu, Dachun (2018). Western Learning Spreads Eastward (in Simplified Chinese). Beijing: China Renmin University Press. ISBN 978-7-300-26325-0. OCLC 1089442491.

[2] Kuang, Shuping (2016-09-21). "Eastward Transmission of Western Learning and the Evolution of Modern Sports in Shanghai, 1843–1949". The International Journal of the History of Sport. 33 (14): 1606–1625. doi:10.1080/09523367.2017.1288106. ISSN 0952-3367. S2CID 152205041.

[3] Koerbs, Christoph (2008), "East and West: China in the Transmission of Knowledge from East to West", in Selin, Helaine (ed.), Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 712–717, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9121, ISBN 978-1-4020-4425-0, retrieved 2022-06-14

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