Economy of Yemen

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Economy of Yemen

Fish market in Yemen (2013)
Currency	Yemeni rial (YER, ر.ي)
Fiscal year	Calendar year
Trade organisations	WTO, CAEU, G77
Country group	Least Developed[1] Low-income economy[2]
Statistics
Population	34.4 million (2023)[3]
GDP	$21.890 billion (nominal, 2024 est.)[4] $72.979 billion (PPP, 2024 est.)[4]
GDP rank	123th (nominal, 2024) 110th (PPP, 2024)
GDP growth	-0.5% (2023) 2% (2024e) 7% (2025f) 6.5% (2026f)[4]
GDP per capita	$628 (nominal, 2024 est.)[4] $2,095 (PPP, 2024 est.)[4]
GDP per capita rank	187th (nominal, 2024) 183rd (PPP, 2023)
GDP by sector	agriculture: 20.3% industry: 11.8% services: 67.9% (2017 est.)[5]
Inflation (CPI)	14.9% (2023 est.)[6]
Population below poverty line	48.6% (2014)[7] 18.8% on less than $1.90/day (2014)[8]
Gini coefficient	36.7 medium (2014)[9]
Human Development Index	0.455 low (2021)[10] (183rd) 0.307 low IHDI (2021)[11]
Labour force	6,814,139 (2019)[12] 31.4% employment rate (2014)[13]
Labour force by occupation	most people are employed in agriculture and herding; services, construction, industry, and commerce account for less than one-fourth of the labor force[5]
Unemployment	13.6% (2022)[14]
Main industries	crude oil production and petroleum refining; small-scale production of cotton textiles, leather goods; food processing; handicrafts; aluminum products; cement; commercial ship repair; natural gas production
External
Exports	$37.5 million (2020 est.)[5]
Export goods	crude petroleum, gold, fish, industrial chemical liquids, scrap iron
Main export partners	China 31.6%  Thailand 20.4%  India 11.9%  United Arab Emirates 6.88% (2022)[15]
Imports	$800.999 million (2022 est.)[5]
Import goods	wheat, refined petroleum, iron, rice, cars
Main import partners	China 25.6%  United Arab Emirates 14%  Turkey 9.94%  India 9.77% (2022)[16]
Current account	−$1.236 billion (2017 est.)[5]
Gross external debt	$7.068 billion (31 December 2017 est.)[5]
Public finances
Government debt	74.5% of GDP (2017 est.)[5]
Budget balance	−5.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)[5]
Revenues	$2.821 billion (2017 est.)[5]
Expenses	$4.458 billion (2017 est.)[5]
Economic aid	recipient: $2.3 billion (2003–07 disbursements)
Foreign reserves	$245.4 million (31 December 2017 est.)
Main data source: CIA World Fact Book All values, unless otherwise stated, are in US dollars.

The economy of Yemen has significantly weakened since the breakout of the Yemeni Civil War and the humanitarian crisis, which has caused instability, escalating hostilities, and flooding in the region.^[17] At the time of unification, South Yemen and North Yemen had vastly different but equally struggling underdeveloped economic systems. Since unification, the economy has been forced to sustain the consequences of Yemen's support for Iraq during the 1990–91 Persian Gulf War: Saudi Arabia expelled almost 1 million Yemeni workers, and both Saudi Arabia and Kuwait significantly reduced economic aid to Yemen.^[18] The 1994 civil war further drained Yemen's economy. As a consequence, Yemen has relied heavily on aid from multilateral agencies to sustain its economy for the past 24 years. In return, it has pledged to implement significant economic reforms. In 1997 the International Monetary Fund (IMF) approved two programs to increase Yemen's credit significantly: the enhanced structural adjustment facility (now known as the poverty reduction and growth facility, or PRGF) and the extended funding facility (EFF). In the ensuing years, Yemen's government attempted to implement recommended reforms: reducing the civil service payroll, eliminating diesel and other subsidies, lowering defense spending, introducing a general sales tax, and privatizing state-run industries. However, limited progress led the IMF to suspend funding between 1999 and 2001.^[19]

In late 2005, the World Bank (which extended Yemen a four-year US$2.3 billion economic support package in October 2002, together with other bilateral and multilateral lenders) announced that, as a consequence of Yemen's failure to implement significant reforms, the World Bank would reduce financial aid by one-third over the period July 2005 through July 2008. A key component of the $2.3 billion package — $300 million in concessional financing — has been withheld, pending the renewal of Yemen's PRGF with the IMF, which is currently under negotiation. However, in May 2006 the World Bank adopted an assistance strategy for Yemen, under which it will provide approximately $400 million in International Development Association (IDA) credits over the period FY 2006 to FY 2009. In November 2006, at a meeting of Yemen's development partners, a total of $4.7 billion in grants and concessional loans was pledged for the period 2007–10. At present, despite possessing significant oil and gas resources and a considerable amount of agriculturally productive land, Yemen remains one of the poorest of the world's low-income countries; more than 80 percent (2018) of the population lives in poverty.^[20] The influx of an average 1,000 Somali refugees per month into Yemen looking for work is an added drain on the economy, which already must cope with a 20 to 40 percent rate of unemployment. Yemen remains under significant pressure to implement economic reforms, lest it face the loss of badly needed international financial support.^[19]

In the north, disruptions of the civil war (1962–1970) and frequent periods of drought dealt severe blows to a previously prosperous agricultural sector. Coffee production, formerly the north's main export and principal form of foreign exchange, declined as the cultivation of khat increased. Low domestic industrial output and a lack of raw materials made the Yemeni Arab Republic dependent on a wide variety of imports.

The Yemeni Civil War and air bombing campaign by the coalition during the Saudi-led intervention have devastated the Yemeni economy further.^[21][22][23]

As a result of civil war, Yemen is suffering from inflation and devaluation of Yemeni rial, and Yemen's economy contracted by 50% from the start of the civil war on 19 March 2015 to October 2018.^[24][25][26]