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 Hydrogen atomic orbitals at different energy levels. The more opaque areas are where one is most likely to find an electron at any given time. | |
| Composition | Elementary particle[1] |
|---|---|
| Statistics | Fermionic |
| Family | Lepton |
| Generation | First |
| Interactions | Weak, electromagnetic, gravity |
| Symbol | e− , β− |
| Antiparticle | Positron[a] |
| Theorized | Richard Laming (1838–1851),[2] G. Johnstone Stoney (1874) and others.[3][4] |
| Discovered | J. J. Thomson (1897)[5] |
| Mass | 9.1093837139(28)×10−31 kg[6] 5.485799090441(97)×10−4 Da[7] [1822.888486209(53)]−1 Da[b] 0.51099895069(16) MeV/c2[8] |
| Mean lifetime | > 6.6×1028 years[9] (stable) |
| Electric charge | −1 e −1.602176634×10−19 C[10] |
| Magnetic moment | −9.2847646917(29)×10−24 J⋅T−1[11] −1.00115965218046(18) μB[12] |
| Spin | 1 /2 ħ |
| Weak isospin | LH: − 1 /2, RH: 0 |
| Weak hypercharge | LH: −1, RH: −2 |
| Standard Model of particle physics |
|---|
 |
The electron (e−
, or β−
in nuclear reactions) is a subatomic particle with a negative one elementary electric charge.
Ordinary matter is composed of atoms. Each atom consists of a positively charged nucleus surrounded by a number of electrons that neutralize its charge. Electrons are bound to the nucleus to different degrees: the least bound electrons are responsible for the bonds between atoms present in molecules and crystals, and for all types of chemical reactions, while the rest make up the atomic core.
Electrons play an essential role in numerous physical phenomena. In metals, highly mobile electrons are responsible for their high electrical and thermal conductivity. In semiconductors, the number of mobile electrons is easily influenced by the material's composition, temperature, applied voltage or irradiation. This is the basis of semiconductor electronics. Electrons can escape from their atoms and materials, and as free electrons form particle beams in a vacuum, be further accelerated and focused. This has enabled the development of the cathode-ray tubes, X-ray tubes, electron microscopes, electron beam welding, research by means of particle accelerators and the generation of synchrotron radiation.
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thomsonwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron mass energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ Agostini, M.; et al. (Borexino Collaboration) (2015). "Test of electric charge conservation with Borexino". Physical Review Letters. 115 (23): 231802. arXiv:1509.01223. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.115w1802A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.231802. PMID 26684111. S2CID 206265225.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: elementary charge". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron magnetic moment". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
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