Back Elektron Afrikaans Elektron ALS Electrón AN इलेक्ट्रॉन ANP إلكترون Arabic إليكطرون ARY ইলেকট্ৰন Assamese Electrón AST Elektron Azerbaijani الکترون AZB
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 Hydrogen atomic orbitals at different energy levels. The more opaque areas are where one is most likely to find an electron at any given time. | |
| Composition | Elementary particle[1] |
|---|---|
| Statistics | Fermionic |
| Family | Lepton |
| Generation | First |
| Interactions | Weak, electromagnetic, gravity |
| Symbol | e− , β− |
| Antiparticle | Positron[a] |
| Theorized | Richard Laming (1838–1851),[2] G. Johnstone Stoney (1874) and others.[3][4] |
| Discovered | J. J. Thomson (1897)[5] |
| Mass | 9.1093837139(28)×10−31 kg[6] 5.485799090441(97)×10−4 Da[7] [1822.888486209(53)]−1 Da[b] 0.51099895069(16) MeV/c2[8] |
| Mean lifetime | > 6.6×1028 years[9] (stable) |
| Electric charge | −1 e −1.602176634×10−19 C[10] |
| Magnetic moment | −9.2847646917(29)×10−24 J⋅T−1[11] −1.00115965218128(18) μB[12] |
| Spin | 1 /2 ħ |
| Weak isospin | LH: − 1 /2, RH: 0 |
| Weak hypercharge | LH: −1, RH: −2 |
| Standard Model of particle physics |
|---|
 |
The electron (
e−
, or
β−
in nuclear reactions) is a subatomic particle with a negative one elementary electric charge.[13] Matter that contains a different number of electrons and protons is electrically charged, giving electrons their name. Because electrons are much less massive than protons, electrical charge is the primary way we observe their effects at human scale.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
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thomsonwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron mass". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron mass in u". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron mass energy equivalent in MeV". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ Agostini, M.; et al. (Borexino Collaboration) (2015). "Test of electric charge conservation with Borexino". Physical Review Letters. 115 (23): 231802. arXiv:1509.01223. Bibcode:2015PhRvL.115w1802A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.115.231802. PMID 26684111. S2CID 206265225.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: elementary charge". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2022 CODATA Value: electron magnetic moment". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. May 2024. Retrieved 2024-05-18.
- ^ "2018 CODATA Value: electron magnetic moment to Bohr magneton ratio". The NIST Reference on Constants, Units, and Uncertainty. NIST. 20 May 2019. Archived from the original on 2000-12-02. Retrieved 2022-11-15.
- ^ Coffey, Jerry (10 September 2010). "What is an electron?". Archived from the original on 11 November 2012. Retrieved 10 September 2010.
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