Eleftherios Venizelos

Eleftheriοs Venizelos
Eleftheriοs Venizelos
Ελευθέριος Βενιζέλος
	Venizelos in 1919
Prime Minister of Greece
	In office; 16 January 1933 – 6 March 1933
President	Alexandros Zaimis
Preceded by	Panagis Tsaldaris
Succeeded by	Alexandros Othonaios
	In office; 5 June 1932 – 4 November 1932
President	Alexandros Zaimis
Preceded by	Alexandros Papanastasiou
Succeeded by	Panagis Tsaldaris
	In office; 4 July 1928 – 26 May 1932
President	Pavlos Kountouriotis; Alexandros Zaimis
Preceded by	Alexandros Zaimis
Succeeded by	Alexandros Papanastasiou
	In office; 11 January 1924 – 6 February 1924
Monarch	George II
Preceded by	Stylianos Gonatas
Succeeded by	Georgios Kafantaris
	In office; 14 June 1917 – 4 November 1920
Monarch	Alexander
Preceded by	Alexandros Zaimis
Succeeded by	Dimitrios Rallis
	In office; 10 August 1915 – 24 September 1915
Monarch	Constantine I
Preceded by	Dimitrios Gounaris
Succeeded by	Alexandros Zaimis
	In office; 6 October 1910 – 25 February 1915
Monarchs	George I; Constantine I
Preceded by	Stefanos Dragoumis
Succeeded by	Dimitrios Gounaris
Minister of Military Affairs
	In office; 27 June 1917 – 18 November 1920
Monarch	Alexander
Prime Minister	Himself
Preceded by	Anastasios Charalambis
Succeeded by	Dimitrios Gounaris
Minister of Foreign Affairs
	In office; 23 August – 7 October 1915
Monarch	Constantine I
Prime Minister	Himself
Preceded by	Dimitrios Gounaris
Succeeded by	Alexandros Zaimis
Minister of Justice and Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Cretan State
	In office; 1908–1910
Minister of Justice of the Cretan State
	In office; 17 April 1899 – 18 March 1901
Personal details
Born	23 August 1864; Mournies, Ottoman Empire; (now Greece)
Died	18 March 1936 (aged 71); Paris, France
Political party	Liberal Party
Spouse(s)	Maria Katelouzou (1891–1894); Helena Schilizzi (1921–1936)
Relations	Konstantinos Mitsotakis (nephew); Kyriakos Mitsotakis (great-nephew)
Children	Kyriakos Venizelos; Sophoklis Venizelos
Parent(s)	Kyriakos Venizelos; Styliani Ploumidaki
Alma mater	University of Athens
Profession	Politician; Revolutionary; Legislator; Lawyer; Jurist; Journalist; Translator
Awards	Order of the Redeemer; Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour; Order of the White Eagle
Signature
Website	National Foundation Research "Eleftherios K. Venizelos"
Military service
Battles/wars	Greco-Turkish War (1897) Cretan Revolt; ; Theriso revolt;

Eleftherios Kyriakou Venizelos (Greek: Ελευθέριος Κυριάκου Βενιζέλος, romanized: Eleuthérios Kyriákou Venizélos, pronounced [elefˈθeri.os cirˈʝaku veniˈzelos]; 23 August [O.S. 11 August] 1864^[i] – 18 March 1936) was a Cretan Greek statesman and prominent leader of the Greek national liberation movement. As the leader of the Liberal Party, Venizelos served as prime minister of Greece for over 12 years, spanning eight terms from 1910 to 1933.

He first made his mark on the international stage with his leading role in securing the autonomy of the Cretan State, and later in the island's union with Greece. In 1909, he was invited to Athens to resolve the political deadlock and became Prime Minister. He initiated constitutional and economic reforms that set the basis for the modernization of Greek society and reorganized both the Greek Army and the Greek Navy in preparation for future conflicts. Before the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913, Venizelos' catalytic role helped Greece to gain entrance to the Balkan League, an alliance of the Balkan states against the Ottoman Empire. Through his diplomatic acumen with the Great Powers and with the other Balkan countries, Greece doubled its area and population with the liberation of Macedonia, Epirus, and most of the Aegean islands.

In World War I (1914–1918), he brought Greece on the side of the Allies, further expanding the Greek borders. However, his pro-Allied foreign policy brought him into conflict with the nonaligned faction of Constantine I of Greece, causing the National Schism of the 1910s. The Schism became an unofficial civil war, with the struggle for power between the two groups polarizing the population between the royalists and Venizelists for decades.^[1] Following the Allied victory, Venizelos secured new territorial concessions in Western Anatolia and Thrace in an attempt to accomplish the Megali Idea, which would have united all Greek-speaking people along the Aegean Sea under the banner of Greece. He was, however, defeated in the 1920 General Election, which contributed to the eventual Greek defeat in the Greco-Turkish War (1919–22). Venizelos, in self-imposed exile, represented Greece in the negotiations that led to the signing of the Treaty of Lausanne and the agreement of a mutual population exchange between Greece and Turkey. In January 1933, he became prime minister for the last time, and in March 1935, after a coup attempt, he fled to Paris, where he died.

Under his leadership, Greece underwent profound modernization through liberal-democratic policies. His diplomatic and military efforts expanded Greece's territory, marking a shift in the country's orientation from East to West.^[2]^[3] Venizelos is often called "The Maker of Modern Greece" for his transformative role,^[4] and his legacy as the "Ethnarch" continues to endure.^[5]

^ Argus 2012.
^ Kitromilides 2006, p. 178.
^ Time magazine 1924.
^ The New York Times & Oct. 1921.
^ Yilmaz 2012, p. 82.

[FOOTNOTEArgus2012-1] Argus 2012.

[FOOTNOTEKitromilides2006178-2] Kitromilides 2006, p. 178.

[FOOTNOTETime_magazine1924-3] Time magazine 1924.

[FOOTNOTEThe_New_York_TimesOct._1921-4] The New York Times & Oct. 1921.

[FOOTNOTEYilmaz201282-5] Yilmaz 2012, p. 82.

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