Emirate of Mount Lebanon

Emirate of Mount Lebanon إِمَارَة جَبَل لُبْنَان (Arabic)
1516–1842
Flag
The Emirate of Mount Lebanon at its greatest extent under Fakhr al-Din II, circa 1630
Status	Vassal of the Ottoman Empire
Capital	Baakleen (1516–c. 1600) Deir al-Qamar (c. 1600–1811) Beit ed-Dine (1811–1840)
Common languages	Arabic Ottoman Turkish
Religion	Christianity, Druze faith, Islam
Government	Emirate
History
• Ottoman–Mamluk War	1516
• Convention of London	1842
Currency	Ottoman Lira
Preceded by Succeeded by Mamluk Sultanate Double Qaim-Maqamate of Mount Lebanon
Today part of	Lebanon

The Emirate of Mount Lebanon (Arabic: إِمَارَة جَبَل لُبْنَان) was a part of Mount Lebanon that enjoyed variable degrees of partial autonomy under the stable suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire between the mid-16th and the early-19th century.^[1]

The town of Baakleen was the seat of local power during the Ma'an period until Fakhr-al-Din II chose to live in Deir el Qamar due to a water shortage in Baakleen. Deir el Qamar remained the seat until Bashir Shihab II ascended to the throne and moved its court to the Beiteddine palace. Beiteddine remains the capital of the Chouf District today.^[2]

Fakhr-al-Din II, the most prominent Druze tribal leader at the end of the 16th century, was given leeway by the Ottomans to subdue other provincial leaderships in Ottoman Syria on their behalf, and was himself subdued in the end, to make way for a firmer control by the Ottoman central administration over the Syrian eyalets.^[1][3] In Lebanese nationalist narratives, he is celebrated as establishing a sort of Druzes–Maronite condominium that is often portrayed as the embryo of Lebanese statehood and national identity. Historians and intellectuals such as Salibi and Beydoun have questioned many of these assumptions, suggesting a more balanced and less ideological approach to this period.^[1]

The Maan and Shihab government of different parts of Mount Lebanon, between 1667 and 1841, was an Ottoman iltizam, or tax farm, rather than a dynastic principality, and the multazims were never reigning princes.^[1] The relations between the Porte and the Shihab emirs revolved around the payment of taxes, and the official legitimation of their position as multazims.^[4] Such was the precariousness of their position that over the more than three centuries of the two dynasties (1516–1840) only two significantly strong leaders emerged, Fakhr-Al-Din I (1516–1544) and his grandson Fakhr al-Din II (1591–1635). Bashir Shihab II (1788–1840) was also an important prince but he was viewed as a tyrant at the period rather than a leader. That led to the 1840 revolution against Bashir and his Egyptian allies.^[5]

Although Lebanese nationalist historiographies tended to portray the Emirate as a sort of historical precursor of the Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate established in 1861, later historians and intellectuals such as Kamal Salibi and Ahmad Beydoun have shed light on the inconsistencies of nationalist narratives, and explained how the devolution of functions to local rulers was nothing exceptional in the framework of indirect administration in Ottoman Syria.^[1] Partisan narratives gave different names to this entity (including "Shuf Emirate", "Emirate of Jabal Druze", "Emirate of Mount Lebanon", as well as "Ma'an Emirate"),^[2] whose boundaries were not well defined,^[2] mostly because of its rather vague juridical and administrative status.