Empire of Kitara

Empire of Kitara
*Kitara kya Nyamenge* (Nyoro)^[a]
Empire of Kitara Kitara kya Nyamenge (Nyoro)
	Approximate extent of Kitara under Wamara per D. H. Apuuli: Legendary extent (according to some Banyoro oral traditions) Probable extent (according to archaeological evidence)
Capital	Per legends: Somewhere near Bukuumi Mission, Kibaale District (during Isaza's reign); Kisengwe, Kibaale District (during Bukuku's reign); Mubende (during Ndahura's reign); Bwera, Sembabule District (during the early part of Wamara's reign); Bigo bya Mugenyi (during the late part of Wamara's reign);
Common languages	Proto-North Rutara
Religion	Belief in Ruhanga; Other traditional African religions;
Demonym(s)	Munyakitara (pl. Banyakitara); Mukitara (pl. Bakitara); (Kitaran);
Establishment
• Tembuzi dynasty	c. 1000 – c. 1200 (according to C. A. Buchanan); c. 1000/1100 – c. 1300 (according to J. P. Gorju);
• Chwezi dynasty	c. 1200 – c. 1400 (according to C. A. Buchanan); c. 1350 – c. 1400 (according to E. I. Steinhart); c. 1300 – c. 1500 (according to D. K. Jordan); c. 1300 – c. mid/late 1600s (according to J. P. Gorju); c. 1300 – c. 1400 (according to K.W.);
Preceded by	Succeeded by
	Urewe
Bunyoro
Busoga
Ankole

A map of various pre-colonial African states from different periods, including Kitara, but with a bias towards West and North Africa.

Kitara^[b] (sometimes spelt Kittara^[12] or Kitwara,^[13]^[2] also known as the Chwezi Empire^[4]) was a legendary empire that is regularly mentioned in the oral traditions of the Rutara people in the African Great Lakes.^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18] Kitara is said to have had territory in modern-day Uganda, Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.^[19]

Cite error: There are <ref group=lower-alpha> tags or {{efn}} templates on this page, but the references will not show without a {{reflist|group=lower-alpha}} template or {{notelist}} template (see the help page).

^ ^a ^b ^c Gorju, Julien P. (1920). Entre le Victoria, I'Albert et I'Edouard: ethnographie de la partie anglaise du vicariat de l'Uganda: origines, histoire, religion, coutumes [Among Victoria, Albert and Edward: ethnography of the English part of the vicariate of Uganda: origins, history, religion, customs] (in French). Rennes: Imprimerie Oberthur [fr].
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Buchanan, Carole Ann (1974). The Kitara complex: the historical tradition of western Uganda to the 16th century (PDF) (Thesis). Indiana University.
^ ^a ^b ^c Nyakatura, John W. (1973). Uzoigwe, Godfrey N. (ed.). Anatomy of an African Kingdom: A History of Bunyoro-Kitara (PDF). Translated by Muganwa, Teopista (English ed.). New York City, New York, USA: NOK Publishers, Ltd. ISBN 0-88357-025-4.
^ ^a ^b Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (1985). "L'empire des Bacwezi: La construction d'un imaginaire géopolitique" [The Bacwezi empire: The construction of a geopolitical imagination]. Annales. Economies, sociétés, civilisations. 40 (6): 1335–1377. doi:10.3406/ahess.1985.283241. S2CID 126663125.
^ Beattie, John (1971). The Nyoro State. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198231714.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Dunbar, Archibald Ranulph (1965-01-01). A History of Bunyoro-Kitara. Oxford University Press.
^ Schoenbrun, David (1990). Early history in eastern Africa's Great Lakes region: linguistic, ecological, and archaeological approaches. ca. 500 B.C. to ca. A.D. 1000 (PhD thesis). University of California.
^ Muzale, Henry R. T. (June 1998). A Reconstruction of the Proto-Rutara Tense/Aspect System. University of Newfoundland. ISBN 0-612-36209-4.
^ ^a ^b Steinhart, Edward I. (1981). "Chapter 18: From 'Empire' to State: The Emergence of the Kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara: c. 1350-1890". In Claessen, Henri J. M.; Skalník, Peter (eds.). The Study of the State.
^ Jordan, D. K. (2007-07-13). "Organization & Mystification in an African Kingdom". Retrieved 2024-01-27.
^ Sykes, J. "The Eclipse at Biharwe". Uganda Journal. 23.
^ Speke, John Hanning (1864). Journal of the discovery of the source of the Nile. Robarts - University of Toronto. New York : Harper.
^ Driberg, J. H. (1931). Gala colonists and the lake regions of Africa.
^ Bernsten, Jan (1998-03-01). "Runyakitara: Uganda's 'New' Language". Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 19 (2): 93–107. doi:10.1080/01434639808666345. ISSN 0143-4632.
^ Tantala, Renee Louis (1989). The Early History of Kitara in Western Uganda: Process Models of Religious and Political Change, Volume 1. University of Wisconsin–Madison.
^ Balyage, Yona (2000-07-12). "Ethnicity and ethnic conflict in the great lakes region". Bugema University.
^ Kiwanuka, M. S. M. (1968). "The Empire of Bunyoro Kitara: Myth or Reality?". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 2 (1): 27–48. doi:10.2307/483996. ISSN 0008-3968. JSTOR 483996.
^ Stokes, Jamie; Gorman, Anthony; Newman, Andrew J. (2009). Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East. New York: Facts On File. pp. 506–509. ISBN 978-0-8160-7158-6.
^ Doyle, Shane (11 January 2016). "Bunyoro-Kitara, Kingdom of". The Encyclopedia of Empire. The Encyclopedia of Empire. pp. 1–4. doi:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe078. ISBN 9781118455074.

[gorju-2] Gorju, Julien P. (1920). Entre le Victoria, I'Albert et I'Edouard: ethnographie de la partie anglaise du vicariat de l'Uganda: origines, histoire, religion, coutumes [Among Victoria, Albert and Edward: ethnography of the English part of the vicariate of Uganda: origins, history, religion, customs] (in French). Rennes: Imprimerie Oberthur [fr].

[buchanan-3] Buchanan, Carole Ann (1974). The Kitara complex: the historical tradition of western Uganda to the 16th century (PDF) (Thesis). Indiana University.

[nyakatura-muganwa-4] Nyakatura, John W. (1973). Uzoigwe, Godfrey N. (ed.). Anatomy of an African Kingdom: A History of Bunyoro-Kitara (PDF). Translated by Muganwa, Teopista (English ed.). New York City, New York, USA: NOK Publishers, Ltd. ISBN 0-88357-025-4.

[chretien-5] Chrétien, Jean-Pierre (1985). "L'empire des Bacwezi: La construction d'un imaginaire géopolitique" [The Bacwezi empire: The construction of a geopolitical imagination]. Annales. Economies, sociétés, civilisations. 40 (6): 1335–1377. doi:10.3406/ahess.1985.283241. S2CID 126663125.

[beattie-6] Beattie, John (1971). The Nyoro State. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780198231714.

[dunbar-7] Dunbar, Archibald Ranulph (1965-01-01). A History of Bunyoro-Kitara. Oxford University Press.

[8] Schoenbrun, David (1990). Early history in eastern Africa's Great Lakes region: linguistic, ecological, and archaeological approaches. ca. 500 B.C. to ca. A.D. 1000 (PhD thesis). University of California.

[9] Muzale, Henry R. T. (June 1998). A Reconstruction of the Proto-Rutara Tense/Aspect System. University of Newfoundland. ISBN 0-612-36209-4.

[steinhart-10] Steinhart, Edward I. (1981). "Chapter 18: From 'Empire' to State: The Emergence of the Kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara: c. 1350-1890". In Claessen, Henri J. M.; Skalník, Peter (eds.). The Study of the State.

[jordan-11] Jordan, D. K. (2007-07-13). "Organization & Mystification in an African Kingdom". Retrieved 2024-01-27.

[sykes-12] Sykes, J. "The Eclipse at Biharwe". Uganda Journal. 23.

[14] Speke, John Hanning (1864). Journal of the discovery of the source of the Nile. Robarts - University of Toronto. New York : Harper.

[15] Driberg, J. H. (1931). Gala colonists and the lake regions of Africa.

[16] Bernsten, Jan (1998-03-01). "Runyakitara: Uganda's 'New' Language". Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development. 19 (2): 93–107. doi:10.1080/01434639808666345. ISSN 0143-4632.

[:17-17] Tantala, Renee Louis (1989). The Early History of Kitara in Western Uganda: Process Models of Religious and Political Change, Volume 1. University of Wisconsin–Madison.

[18] Balyage, Yona (2000-07-12). "Ethnicity and ethnic conflict in the great lakes region". Bugema University.

[kiwanuka-19] Kiwanuka, M. S. M. (1968). "The Empire of Bunyoro Kitara: Myth or Reality?". Canadian Journal of African Studies. 2 (1): 27–48. doi:10.2307/483996. ISSN 0008-3968. JSTOR 483996.

[20] Stokes, Jamie; Gorman, Anthony; Newman, Andrew J. (2009). Encyclopedia of the peoples of Africa and the Middle East. New York: Facts On File. pp. 506–509. ISBN 978-0-8160-7158-6.

[21] Doyle, Shane (11 January 2016). "Bunyoro-Kitara, Kingdom of". The Encyclopedia of Empire. The Encyclopedia of Empire. pp. 1–4. doi:10.1002/9781118455074.wbeoe078. ISBN 9781118455074.

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